½ð±¾Î»

Æ´Òô
j¨©n b¨§n w¨¨i
×¢Òô
¨Ð¨ç¨ã ¨Å¨ã¡¦ ¨è¨ß¨A

¡°½ð±¾Î»¡±»ù±¾½âÊÍ

Óûƽð×ö±¾Î»»õ±ÒµÄ»õ±ÒÖƶȡ£

¡°½ð±¾Î»¡±°Ù¿Æ

°Ù¶È°Ù¿Æ

½ð±¾Î»

  • ½ð±¾Î»¼´½ð±¾Î»ÖÆ £¨Gold standard£©£¬½ð±¾Î»ÖƾÍÊÇÒԻƽðΪ±¾Î»±ÒµÄ»õ±ÒÖƶȡ£ÔÚ½ð±¾Î»ÖÆÏ£¬Ã¿µ¥Î»µÄ»õ±Ò¼ÛÖµµÈͬÓÚÈô¸ÉÖØÁ¿µÄ»Æ½ð£¨¼´»õ±Òº¬½ðÁ¿£©£»µ±²»Í¬¹ú¼ÒʹÓýð±¾Î»Ê±£¬¹ú¼ÒÖ®¼äµÄ»ãÂÊÓÉËüÃǸ÷×Ô»õ±ÒµÄº¬½ðÁ¿Ö®±È¡ª¡ª½ðƽ¼ÛÀ´¾ö¶¨¡£½ð±¾Î»ÖÆÓÚ19ÊÀ¼ÍÖÐÆÚ¿ªÊ¼Ê¢ÐС£ÔÚÀúÊ·ÉÏ£¬ÔøÓйýÈýÖÖÐÎʽµÄ½ð±¾Î»ÖÆ£º½ð±Ò¡¢½ð¿é±¾Î»ÖÆ¡¢½ð»ã¶Ò±¾Î»ÖÆ¡£ÆäÖнð±Ò±¾Î»ÖÆÊÇ×îµäÐ͵ÄÐÎʽ£¬¾ÍÏÁÒåÀ´Ëµ£¬½ð±¾Î»ÖƼ´Ö¸¸ÃÖÖ»õ±ÒÖƶȡ£
  • ¡°½ð±¾Î»¡±Ôì¾ä

    1.ËûÃǶÔÕâЩ³¢ÊԸе½µ£ÓÇ¡¢¶ÔÃÀ¹ú·ÅÆú½ð±¾Î»ÖÆ¡¢ÔÊÐí²ÆÕþ³à×ָе½¿Ö¾å£¬Í¬Ê±ËûÃǶÔÀ͹¤µÄÓÅ»ÝÕþ²ß±íʾ²»Âú¡£

    2.Ȫ±Ò˾ΪÒƸ¶ÊÂ:×¼Íâ½»²¿º¯³Æ:׼פÃÀ¹Ë¹«Ê¹µç³Æ:±¨ÔØÎÒ¹úÒÑÓëÈÕ±¾Ç©¶©±ÒÖƽè¿îÈÕ½ð°ËǧÍòÔª,¾Ù°ì½ð±¾Î»,ÒÔÈÕ³®±Ò³ä×¼±¸½ð,Áô´æ¶«¾©¡£

    3.ÓÉÓÚµ±Ê±ÊµÊ©µÄÊǽð±¾Î»ÖÆ£¬Õâ¼ÒÒøÐÐ×î³õµÄȨÁ¦·Ç³£ÓÐÏÞ¡£

    4.Òò´Ë£¬ÔÚ½ð±¾Î»ÖÆÖÐÇ®²»ÄÜÏûʧ£¬ÒòΪ»Æ½ð²»ÄÜÏûʧ¡£

    5.ÓÚÊÇ£¬ÉõÖÁÔÚ½ð±¾Î»Ï£¬¹úÄڶԻƽð¶ÒÏÖµÄÐèÇóÒ²ÈÕÒæ¼õÉÙ£¬¶øÒøÐÐÒµÒ²Æձ鲻ÔÙµ£Ðļ·¶ÒÎÊÌâ¡£

    6.µ±Ê±µÄÊÀ½ç½ðÈÚÖÐÐÄÔÚÂ׶أ¬¶øÇÒ´ó¶àÊýÖ÷ҪóÒ×¹ú¼Ò¾ù²ÉÓýð±¾Î»ÖÆ£¬Ò²¾ÍÊÇ˵£¬ÓÃÓÚ½áËãµÄ»õ±Ò¿É¶Ò»»³É»Æ½ð¡£

    7.½ð±¾Î»ÖÆÈ¡Ïûºó£¬Í¨ÕͲÅÓÚ1933Äê6ÔÂÖ®ºó³öÏÖ¡£

    8.¡°½ð±¾Î»±Ò¡±ÊÇ1929ÄêÖлªÃñ¹úÕþ¸®Äâ²ÉÈ¡½ð±¾Î»»õ±ÒÖƶÈ,ÒÔͳһµ±Ê±È«¹ú»ìÂÒ²»¿°»õ±ÒÌåÖƵIJúÎï¡£

    9.1918Äê´òÍêÕÌ,´óÓ¢¹úЭҪÇóÓ¢¹ú»Ö¸´½ð±¾Î»,µ«Ó¢¹ú´òÕÌ´òÇîÁË,¹ú¿âÀïûǮ,³ÅÁ˺ü¸Äê¡£

    10.¾¡¹Ü´óÏôÌõÆÚ¼ä½ð±¾Î»ÖƱ»Å×Æú£¬¶þ´Î´óÕ½ºóÖؽ¨¹ú¼Ê½ðÈÚÖÈÐòʱÓÖ»Ö¸´ÁËÒ»ÖÖ½ÏΪκ͵Ĺ̶¨»ãÂÊÖÆ£¬³Æ×÷¡°²¼À׶ÙÉ­ÁÖÖÆ¡±£¬Óɹú¼Ê»õ±Ò»ù½ð×éÖ¯Õƹܡ£

    11.ÃÀ¹ú²ÉÓýð±¾Î»»òÕß½ðÒø¸´±¾Î»ÖÆ¡£

    12.ÓÉÓڻƽðÎÞ·¨Âú×ãÈÕ³£Ê¹ÓõÄÐèÒª£¬Òò´Ëÿ¸ö¹ú¼Ò¶¼»á·¢Ðлõ±Ò£¬²¢½«»õ±ÒÓë»Æ½ð¹Ò¹³£¬»òÕß²ÉÈ¡ËùνµÄ½ð±¾Î»ÖÆ¡£

    13.Ò»ÖÖ×ÅÖØ×ÔÓÉ·ÅÈΡ¢×ÔÓÉÊг¡ºÍ½ð±¾Î»µÄ¾­¼ÃÀíÂÛ¡£

    14.Ëû²¢²»ÊÇÖ¸»Øµ½¹ýÈ¥Óɻƽð¶ø·ÇÕþ¸®ÐÅÓþÖ§³ÅÃÀÔªµÄ½ð±¾Î»Ê±ÆÚ¡£

    15.µ±Ò»¸ö¹ú¼ÒÐû²¼½øÈëÕ½Õù״̬ʱ£¬Í¨³£Çé¿öÏ£¬Ëü×öµÄµÚÒ»¼þʾÍÊÇÐû²¼½ð±¾Î»ÖÆʧЧ¡£

    16.µ±³õ¹ú¼ÒÈç´Ë¾¡Á¦µÄά»¤½ð±¾Î»ÖÆÓë²¼À׶ÙÉ­ÁÖÌåϵ¾ÍÊÇΪÁËÈÃծȨÈËÏàÐÅ£¬ËûÃǻ᳥»¹Ïàͬ¼ÛÖµµÄ½ðÇ®¡£

    17.¹ýÈ¥ÓÐЩ¹ú¼ÒµÄ»õ±ÒÖƶÈÊǽð±¾Î»ÖƵÄ.

    18.»õ±Ò¶ÀÁ¢Õþ²ß,Ó¦¸Ã³ÉΪ¹ú¼Ê½ð±¾Î»»õ±ÒÌåϵÍß½âºó,ÊÀ½çÉÏËùÓйú¼ÒµÄ±ØÑ¡,·ñÔò,½ðÈÚÖ÷ȨµÄɥʧ,±ØÈ»µ¼ÖÂÕû¸ö¾­¼ÃÖ÷ȨµÄÂÙÏÝ¡£

    19.Èç¹ûÎÒÃÇÒª»Øµ½½ð±¾Î»£¬²»¹ÜÒÔÈκαÈÖµ£¬ÐµĽð¼Û±ØÐëÈÃÃÀÁª´¢µÄ»Æ½ð´¢±¸Äܹ»°Ù·ÖÖ®Ò»°ÙµÄ·ÖÅä¸øËüµÄծȨÈË¡£

    20.Ãñ×åÖ÷Òå·´¶Ô½ð±¾Î»ÖÆ£¬ÒòΪËûÃÇÒª¶Ï¾øËûÃǵĹú¼ÒÓëÊÀ½çÊг¡µÄÁªÏµ£¬½¨Á¢¾¡¿ÉÄÜ×Ô¸ø×Ô×ãµÄ¹ú¼Ò¡£

    21.Õâ²»Êǽð±¾Î»ÖƵÄȱÏÝ£¬ÕâÕýÊÇËüÖ÷ÒªµÄ½Ü³öÓŵ㡣

    22.1931Äê±»ÈÎÃüΪ´ó²ØÏàÖ®ºó,ËûÁ¢¼´¾ö¶¨·ÅÆú½ð±¾Î»ÖƶÈ,ͨ¹ýÅòÕÍÐ͵IJÆÕþÕþ²ß,ÔÚÒ»¶¨³Ì¶ÈÉÏ°ïÈÕ±¾°ÚÍÑÁ˾­¼ÃΣ»ú¡£

    23.ËùÒÔ£¬ÊÀ½ç¸÷µØµÄÖÐÑëÒøÐÐ,¿ªÊ¼¹ÜÀí£¬³ÉΪÁËͨ»õÅòÕ͵ĹÜÀíÕß,¶ø²»Êǽð±¾Î»ÖƶȵÄÊØÎÀÕß¡£

    24.¼ÈÈ»ÊÇ»ùÓÚ½ð±¾Î»£¬ÄÇô±ØÐëÓÐÒ»¸ö²ÉÓýð±¾Î»ÖƵĹú¼Ò´æÔÚ¡£

    25.Ôڷǽð±¾Î»ÖƶÈÏ£¬Õ½ÕùµÄʤ°Ü½«¾ö¶¨²ÎÕ½¹ú»õ±Ò»ãÂʵÄÕǵø£¬ÕâÓë»õ±ÒÊýÁ¿¹Øϵ²»´ó¡£

    26.Ö®ºó,»Æ½ð×÷Ϊ×îÎȶ¨µÄÒ»°ãµÈ¼ÛÎï,Ò²³¤ÆÚÊÇÊг¡ÉϵÄӲͨ»õ,µ«µ±½ð±¾Î»»õ±ÒÌåϵ±ÀÀ£Ö®ºó,½ð±Ò,ÓÖ³ÉΪÊÕ²ØÕßרÓеijèÎï,ËüµÄ¼Û¸ñ,Ò²ÊÇË®ÕÇ´¬¸ß¡£

    27.Òò´Ë£¬Ó¢¹úÔÚ±³ÀëÕþ¸®±¾ÉíÒâͼµÄÇé¿öÏ»ñµÃÁ˽ð±¾Î»ÖÆ¡£

    28.¸ÉÉæÖ÷ÒåµÄÕþ¸®ÒÔ¼°Ê©Ñ¹ÍÅÌå·´¶Ô½ð±¾Î»ÖÆ£¬ÒòΪËûÃÇÈÏΪÕâÊǶÔËûÃDzÙ×ݼ۸ñºÍ¹¤×ʵÄŬÁ¦×îÑÏÖصÄÕÏ°­¡£

    29.¶þÕ½ÒÔºó,½ð±¾Î»»õ±ÒÕþ²ß±»Íß½â,»õ±Ò·¢ÐнâÍÑ¡£

    30.²Ù×Ý1929ÄêÈ«Çò¾­¼Ã´óÏôÌõ,ÆÈʹ¸÷¹ú·ÅÆú½ðÒø±¾Î»,ÓÈÆäÊÇÓ¢¹ú,Ó¢°÷·ÅÆú½ð±¾Î»ºóÂÙΪµØÇøÐÔ»õ±Ò,ÃÀ¹ú³ÉΪΨһһ¸öÓÐÄÜÁ¦·¢Ðнð±¾Î»»õ±ÒµÄ¹ú¼Ò¡£

    31.Ô½À´Ô½¶àµÄ¹ú¼ÒÏȺó·ÅÆúÁËÒø±¾Î»ÖÆ£¬³¯×Žð±¾Î»ÖÆ·½Ïò·¢Õ¹¡£

    32.ÓкܶàÖƶÈÊÔͼ¶Ô´ËÌṩ½â¾ö·½°¸£¬°üÀ¨Òø±¾Î»£¬½ð±¾Î»£¬½ð»ã¶Ò±¾Î»ÒÔ¼°²¼À׶ÙÉ­ÁÖÌåϵÔÚÄÚ¡£

    ¡°½ð±¾Î»¡±·Ö´Ê½âÊÍ

    ½ð

    »ù±¾×ÖÒå¡ñ ½ðj¨©n ¨Ð¨ç¨ã¡¥Ò»ÖÖ»¯Ñ§ÔªËØ£¬·ûºÅ£Á£õ£¬Ô­×ÓÐòÊý79£¬»Æ³àÉ«£¬ÖÊÈí£º»Æ¡«¡£¡«×Ó¡£¡«±Ê¡£½ðÒ»ÀàµÄ£¬¾ßÓйâÔó¡¢ÑÓÕ¹ÐÔ£¬ÈÝÒ×´«ÈȺ͵¼µçµÄ¹ÌÌåµÄ

    ÏêÇé
    ±¾

    ¡ñ ±¾ b¨§n ¨Å¨ã¡¦ ²ÝľµÄ¸ù£º¡«²Ý£¨·ºÖ¸ÖÐÒ©£©¡£ÎÞ¡«Ö®Ä¾¡£ ÊÂÎïµÄ¸ùÔ´£¬Óë“Ä©”Ïà¶Ô£º¡«Ä©£¨Í·Î²£»Ê¼ÖÕ£©¡£¸ù¡«£¨¸ùÔ´

    ÏêÇé
    λ

    »ù±¾×ÖÒå¡ñ λw¨¨i ¨è¨ß¨AËù´¦µÄµØ·½£º×ù¡«¡£²¿¡«¡£¡«Ö㨣ᣮËùÔÚ»òËùÕ¼µÄµØ·½£»£â£®µØ룩¡£¡«ÓÚ¡£Ö°ÎñµÄ¸ßµÍ£ºµØ¡«¡£Ö°¡«¡£Ãû¡«¡£ÌØÖ¸¾ýÖ÷µ

    ÏêÇé