¾ö²ß
¡°¾ö²ß¡±»ù±¾½âÊÍ
½âÊÍ ¡ò ¾ö²ß juécè [decision] ¾ö¶¨µÄ²ßÂÔ»ò°ì·¨ ¿ÉÈ¡µÄ¾ö²ß ¡ò ¾ö²ß juécè [make policy] ¶¨³ö¼Æ²ß¡¢°ì·¨ ¾ö¶¨¼Æ²ß¡£¡¶Ê·¼Ç£®¾í°Ë£®¸ß×æ±¾¼Í¡·£º¡¸ÌìÏÂÒѶ¨£¬È˽Ô×ÔÄþ£¬²»¿É¸´Óᣲ»Èç¾ö²ß¶«Ï磬ÕùȨÌìÏ¡£¡¹ Ϊ´ï³É¼Æ»®Ä¿±êËù¾ö¶¨µÄ·½·¨»ò²ßÂÔ¡£È磺¡¸ÕâÊǹ«Ë¾Ä¿Ç°µÄ¾ö²ß£¬Ï£Íû¸÷λͬÈÊÖ§³Ö¡£¡¹½ü¼Æ»® Ó¢Óï strategic decision, decision-making, policy decision, to determine policy µÂÓï Entscheidungsfindung (S)? ·¨Óï prise de d¨¦cision
¡°¾ö²ß¡±°Ù¿Æ
°Ù¶È°Ù¿Æ
¾ö²ß £¨¹ÜÀíѧÊõÓ
1.¸Ãϵͳ²ÉÓÃÁ˼ìË÷ʽ¾ö²ß³ÉÐι¤Ðò¡¢´´³Éʽ¾ö²ß¸¨Öú¹¤ÐòµÄ»ìºÏʽ£¬¾ßÓкÜÇ¿µÄʵÓÃÐÔ¡£
2.ÆäÖÐÒ»¸öÈ˱»´ÇÍËÊÇÒòΪËû²»¹û¶Ï£¬²»Äܵ±»úÁ¢¶Ï£¬¾ÍÊDz»ÄÜÂíÉÏ×ö³ö¾ö²ß¡£
3.Òª½¡È«ÃñÖ÷Öƶȣ¬·á¸»ÃñÖ÷ÐÎʽ£¬ÍØ¿íÃñÖ÷ÇþµÀ£¬ÒÀ·¨ÊµÐÐÃñÖ÷Ñ¡¾Ù¡¢ÃñÖ÷¾ö²ß¡¢ÃñÖ÷¹ÜÀí¡¢ÃñÖ÷¼à¶½£¬±£ÕÏÈËÃñµÄÖªÇéȨ¡¢²ÎÓëȨ¡¢±í´ïȨ¡¢¼à¶½È¨¡£
4.»ùÓÚ¸å¼þ¹ÜÀíÊý¾Ý¿â£¬Ìá³öͨ¹ýÉîÈëÍÚ¾òÆäʹÓù¦ÄÜ£¬ÈçÔ¤²âÈ«ÄêͶ¸åÁ¿¡¢×ÜÊÕÒ棬¼ÆË㱨µÀʱ²î¼°Ö¸µ¼×é¸å¡¢¿¯¸å¹¤×÷µÈ£¬´Ó¶øΪÆÚ¿¯·¢Õ¹Ìṩ¾ö²ßÐÅÏ¢¡£
5.Ïû·ÑÕßÔÚ×ö¹ºÂò¾ö²ß֮ǰ×ÜÊÇ»á¸Ðµ½·çÏÕ²¢»á²ÉȡһϵÁдëÊ©À´¼õÉÙÕâÖÖ·çÏÕ£¬Õâ¾ÍÊÇÏû·ÑÕ߸ÐÖª·çÏÕ¡£
6.½ÓÏÂÀ´¾ÍÊÇÒ½ÁƱ£½¡´ó¸Ä¸ï£¬Ëüµ¼Ö¶Դ¢ÐîºÍͶ×ʵĿÎË°£¬Ê¹Õþ¸®»ñµÃ¶ÔÒ½ÁƱ£½¡µÄ¾ö²ß¿ØÖÆ¡£
7.¾ö²ßÕßÃÇ»¹ÒªÒÀ¿¿¾¼Ãѧ£¬·¢Õ¹Öйú¼ÒµÄ¾ö²ßÕßÃǸüÒªÒÀ¿¿·¢Õ¹¾¼Ãѧ¡£
8.Æä´Î£¬Ìá³öÁË»ùÓÚÊôÐÔЧÓú¯Êý¹À¼ÆµÄѧϰÑù±¾¹¹Ôì·½·¨£¬´Ó¾ö²ßÎÊÌâ±¾Éí³éȡѧϰÑù±¾¡£
9.´Ëʱ´Ë¿Ì,¸ç˹´ïÀè¼ÓÍâ½»¾ö²ß²»¸üÏÒÒ×ÕÞ,²»Îª¿ªÍØƽµÈ»¥ÀûµÄÖиç¾Ã³¹Øϵ¶ø¡°ÆÌƽµÀ·¡±,¸ü´ýºÎʱ?
10.ÀûÓÃÄϾ©¡¢°²Ñô¡¢Ê¯ºÓ×ÓºÍÌ«ÔµÈÉú̬µãµÄ²»Í¬Æ·ÖֺͲúÁ¿Ä¿±ê×ÊÁ϶ÔËù½¨ÖªÊ¶Ä£ÐͽøÐÐÁ˼ìÑé¡£½á¹û±íÃ÷£¬ÖªÊ¶Ä£ÐͶÔÆ·ÖÖÑ¡ÔñºÍ²¥ÆÚÉè¼Æ¾ßÓнϺõľö²ßÐÔºÍÊÊÓÃÐÔ¡£
11.¶øÏÖÔÚ¿´À´,ÏÔÈ»,Àî·¢³¼ÔÚÒ»ÃνÄϵÄʱºòÊÇÀíÐÔµÄ,ÑÛ¹âÒ²ÊǶÀµ½µÄ,ÌرðÔÚ×ö¾ö²ßµÄʱºò,ÕâÒ²ÐíÊǼ¸¸öºÏ×÷»ï°é·Ç³£·ÅÐĵÄÖ÷ÒªÔÒò°É¡£
12.ÉÏÏþÌìÎÄ£¬ÏÂÏþµØÀí£¬ÖÐС¶ù¿Æ£¬ÖªÒõÑô£¬¶®°ËØÔ£¬Ô˳ïÓÚá¡á¢Ö®ÖУ¬¾ö²ßÓÚǧÀï֮ϡ£
13.´Ó¹Å°£¼°·¨ÀÏ£¬µ½Öйú»ÊµÛ£¬µ½Å·ÖÞ»ÊÊÒ£¬ÕâЩ¾ö²ßÕßÔÚÃæ¶Ô¼¬ÊÖÄÑÌâʱ¶¼ÔøÎʲßÓÚÓÞÈË»òŪ³¼¡£
14.²ÍÌüÐÐÕþ¹ÜÀí,°üÀ¨Ô±¹¤³öÇÚÂÊ,¼¨Ð§¿¼ºË£¬¾ö²ßÖ´ÐÐ.
15.ÕÅ·ÉÒ²ÖªµÀÒòΪ×Ô¼ºµÄ¾ö²ßʧÎó,µ¼ÖÂÁ˲»ÉÙÐÖµÜÕ½ËÀ,ËùÒÔËûÏë´ø×ïÁ¢¹¦,ÒÔÇóµÄÀîÐþµÄÁ½⡣
16.ÕâÀïµÄÊý¸ö²»Í¬ÀàÐ͵ĵçÊÓÕ¾ºÍ´¢²Ø¹ñ£¬ÒÔÐÖúÄãÃǽøÐоö²ß¡£
17.¶øÌýÖ¤»á±¾Éí¾ÍÊǹãÄÉÉÆÑÔ¡¢¿Æѧ¾ö²ßµÄÃñÖ÷ÐÎʽ,Ò»³¡¹«¿ª¡¢Í¸Ã÷¡¢ÓÐÀíÓоݵÄÌýÖ¤»á,ÍêÈ«¿ÉÒÔ´òÏû°ÙÐÕ¶ÔÓÚÕǼ۵ÄÒÉÂÇ,±¾ÊÇÒ»¾Ù¶àµÃµÄºÃÊ¡£
18.ÔÚModelerÖУ¬¾ö²ß¿ÉÒÔÊÇ°üº¬ÐÔ»ò¶ÀÕ¼ÐԵġ£
19.ʵ¼ÊÉÏ£¬»¹ÓнéÓÚÁ½ÕßÖ®¼äµÄÇé¿ö£¬Ò»µ©Ó°ÏìÈí¼þ¼Ü¹¹µÄÖØ´ó¾ö²ßÖƶ¨³öÀ´£¬¼Ü¹¹Ê¦¾Í³ÉΪÏîÄ¿×éÖеÄÒ»Ãû¼æÖ°ÈËÔ±¡£
20.¶ÔËùÖƶ¨µÄάÐÞ¾ö²ß·Ö±ð´Ó¿É¿¿ÐÔ¡¢¾¼ÃÐÔ¡¢°²È«ÐÔÈý¸ö·½Ãæ½øÐÐÓÅ»¯£¬Ìá³öÁË»ùÓÚÄ£ºý×ÛºÏÆÀÅеĵçÕ¾É豸άÐÞÓÅ»¯Ìåϵ¡£
21.ÀúÈιúÊ·Ôº´óѧʿ¡¢±£ºÍµî´óѧʿ¡¢ÒéÕþ´ó³¼¡¢ÁìÊÌÎÀÄÚ´ó³¼µÈÖ°,Ôø²ÎÓëÐí¶àÖØ´óµÄÕþÖξö²ßºÍ»î¶¯¡£
22.¸Ãϵͳͨ¹ýPICµ¥Æ¬»ú¶Ô¶à·©ˮ´«¸ÐÆ÷ÐźŽøÐÐʵʱ¼ì²âÓë´¦Àí£¬²¢½«½á¹ûͨ¹ýͨÐÅʵʱ´«Ë͸øÉÏλ¼ÆËã»ú½øÐоö²ß¿ØÖÆ¡£
23.Õþ²ßÄ¿±êµÄÈ·¶¨Ö÷Ҫȡ¾öÓÚ¾ö²ßÕßÔڹ滮Õþ²ßʱ¶ÔÊÂʵǰÌáºÍ¼ÛֵǰÌᣬ¼´ÊÂÓëÔ¸µÄ¹ØϵµÄÄÃÄó¡£
24.´Ó½·½µÈ³ÇÊеÄʵ¼ù¿´£¬ÍÁµØ·ÖÀàÆÀ¼Û¸üÄÜΪ×ÊÔ´ÓÅ»¯ÅäÖÃÌṩ¾ö²ßÒÀ¾Ý¡£
25.ʹÓø÷½Ê½£¬¹«Ë¾¿ÉÒÔÖ±½Ó×ö³öÕýÈ·¾ö²ß£¬¶ø²»ÀË·Ñ×ÊÔ´¡£
26.ËûÃÇÓÐÄÜÁ¦¾ö¶¨ÊÇ·ñÖ§³Ö»¹ÊÇ·ñ¾öÒ»Ïî¾ö²ß»òÒ»¸öÐÒ飬¾ÍÊDz»ÄÇôÓÐÄÜÁ¦ÓÃËûÃÇËùÓеÄ×ʽðÀ´¾ÈÈËÃñÓÚË®»ðÖ®ÖС£
27.Ìá³öÏÖʵÖÐÓë³É±¾Ïà¹ØµÄ¾Óª¾ö²ßÁîÈËÀ§»óµÄÏÖÏ󣬷ÖÎöÁ˹ÜÀí¾ö²ßÖÐÐèҪʲôÑùµÄ²ÆÎñ³É±¾ÐÅÏ¢¡£
28.¹ú¼ÒÓÐÐí¶àÕ½ÂÔÐÔµÄÖØ´óÎÊÌâ,ÐèÒª¿Æ¼¼½ç»ý¼«²ÎÓë¾ö²ß×Éѯ.
29.ËüÊÇÖ¸ÔÚÄãÔ¤²âͶ×ʾö²ßµÄ½á¹ûʱ±íÏֵùýÓÚ×ÔÐÅ¡£¹ýÓÚ×ÔÐŵÄͶ×ÊÕßÍùÍù½øÐе¥Ò»»¯µØͶ×Ê£¬Òò´Ë¸üÒ×Êܵ½±ä¶¯µÄÓ°Ïì¡£
30.×öºÃ¹«°²¾ö²ßÇ鱨¹¤×÷£¬Ó¦¼á³ÖÒÔÂí¿Ë˼Ö÷ÒåΪָµ¼¡¢¼á³ÖʵÊÂÇóÊÇ¡¢¼á³ÖÀíÂÛÓëʵ¼ùÏà½áºÏ¡¢¼á³ÖÉîÈëʵ¼Ê¡¢¼á³Ö¿ÆѧÕæÀíµÈÔÔò¡£
31.ÁíÒ»·½Ã棬һ¸öµ¥´¿¿¿Êý¾Ý¾ö²ß£¬¶øºöÊÓÊý¾Ý·ÖÎöµÄÆóÒµ£¬ÓÖ³£³£»áÏÝÓÚÒ»¸ö¡°Ö»¼ûÊ÷ľ¡¢²»¼ûÉÁÖ¡±µÄÇé¾³¡£
32.ÒòΪ¹ÜÀíÕߺ;ö²ßÕ߶¼²»Ô¸Í±Â¦×Ó£¬Òò´ËËûÃÇÈÃÒ»ÇмÌÐø¡£
33.Âò·½ºÍÖн鷽µÈ»¥ÁªÍøÉÌÎñ²ÎÓëÖ÷ÌåµÄ½Ç¶È³ö·¢£¬Ñо¿ÁËËüÃǸ÷×ԵIJÎÓë¾ö²ß¼°ËüÃÇÖ®¼äµÄ¾ºÕùºÍ²©ÞĹØϵ¡£
34.²ãÎö·ÖÎö·¨ÊÇÒ»ÖÖ¶¨ÐÔÓ붨Á¿·ÖÎöÏà½áºÏµÄ¶àÄ¿±ê¾ö²ß·ÖÎö·½·¨£¬ÊÊÓÃÓÚÕ½ÂÔ¹©Ó¦É̵ÄÆÀ¼ÛÑ¡Ôñ¡£
35.¹²Í¬ÖÎÀíÖ÷ÒªÊÇÖ¸Õþ¸®ÔÚÖÎÀí³ÇÊеĹý³ÌÖÐ,±ØÐë³ä·ÖÌýÈ¡Éç»á¸÷½çµÄÒâ¼û,ÔÚ¼¯Ë¼¹ãÒæ¡¢¹ãÄÉÉÆÑԵĻù´¡ÉÏ¿Æѧ¾ö²ß¡¢ÃñÖ÷¾ö²ß¡£
36.Õâ¸öÎÊÌâʵÔÚÇ£³¶Ì«¹ã£¬¾ö²ß²¿ÃÅһʱҲÊøÊÖÎ޲ߡ£
37.¸ßÖÊÁ¿Ñ֤ҽѧ֤¾ÝÒѱ»WHO¡¢°Ä´óÀûÑǵȹú¼Ò¡¢×éÖ¯×÷Ϊ¾ö²ßÒÀ¾Ý£¬½¨Á¢ÐµÄÔË×÷ģʽºÍ»úÖÆ¡£
38.ÈýλÊé¼Ç¶¼Óë¹ã¶«Ê¡¼®µÄÊ¡³¤´îµµ£¬²»¹ý×÷³öʵÖÊÐÔ¾ö²ßµÄÊÇʡίÊé¼Ç¡£
39.×ÊÔ´·ÖÅä¾ö²ßÓжàÖÖÐÎʽºÍ²ã´Î.
40.ÔÚʯÓÍÆóÒµ¿ç¹ú¾ÓªÊµ¼ùÖУ¬¶ÔÍâͶ×ʾö²ßÊÇ×ÔÓ¡¢×ÓÐÌôÕ½ÐԵĻ·½Ú¡£
41.ÓÉÓÚ¸ÃϵͳµÄ¸ß¶È·½±ãÐÔÓ빦ÄÜÐÔ£¬Ô½À´Ô½¶àµÄÆóÒµ×éʶ£¬ÀûÓÃËüÀ´Ö§Ô®ÈºÌå¾ö²ßÖƶ¨µÄ¹¤×÷¡£
42.ÑϽûÈκθöÈËÉÃ×Ô¾ö¶¨¶ÔÍâͶ×Ê»òÕ߸ı伯Ìå¾ö²ßÒâ¼û¡£
43.Èκξö²ß×Óϵͳ¼äµÄÀͶ¯·Ö¹¤¶¼»áÔì³ÉÍⲿÐÔ£¬ÕâÖÖÍⲿÐÔ²úÉúÓÚ±»ºöÊÓÁ˵Ä×Óϵͳ֮¼äµÄÏ໥ÒÀ´æÐÔ¡£
44.µ«ÊÇÕýÈçÁõÏþÔËù¾õ²ìµ½µÄ£¬ÕâЩ¹«Ë¾²»¹âÔÚÈçºÎÖ´ÐÐÉó²éÒªÇóÉÏÃæµÄ¾ö²ßÓÐËù²»Í¬Í⣬¶øÇÒËûÃÇÔÚÈçºÎ¶Ô´ý±»Éó²éµÄÓû§·½ÃæÒ²ÓÐËù²»Í¬¡£
45.ºÃµÄ£¬ÄãÖªµÀ£¬ËùÓÐÖ÷ÒªµÄÔ¤Ëã¾ö²ßÐèÒª¾¹ýÊ×ϯִÐйټ°²ÆÎñÖ÷¹ÜµÄÅú×¼¡£
46.ÔÚÍ£³µ»»³ËÉèÊ©ÆÀ¼ÛÖÐÒýÈ빫ÖÚ²ÎÓ룬ÔöÇ¿ÆÀ¼ÛµÄ¿Í¹ÛÐÔ£¬×î´ó³Ì¶ÈµØÌåÏÖÉç»á¹«Æ½£¬´Ó¶øʹµÃ¾ö²ß¸üΪÓÐЧ¡£
47.Ãñ½øµ³ÃçÀõÏص³²¿Ö÷ίÀ¹ó±íʾ,Ãñ½øµ³Ó¦ÍƳö×Ô¼ºµÄÈËÑ¡,µ«Ò»Çж¼×ðÖص³ÖÐÑë¾ö²ß¡£
48.ÕâÑù¿ÉÒÔÇáËɵĺϲ¢ÊäÈëµÄÊý¾ÝºÍÀ©´ó²âÊÔÌ×¼þµÄ·¶Î§£¬²¢ÔÚ¾ö²ß±íÖÐÌí¼ÓÐÂÌõ¼þ¡£
49.¸÷µ¥Î»ÔÚ½«×ÔÉíÖØËܳɸü¾«¼òµÄÐÎʽÖÐ,½«¾ö²ßµÄȨÏÞÊÚÓèÁ˹¤×÷×éºÍ¹¤×÷¶Ó.
50.±¾ÎÄÑо¿Ê¯ÓÍ»úеÆóÒµ¶à²úÆ·Éú²úµÄ¹æ»®¾ö²ßÎÊÌ⣬ÔËÓÃϵͳ¶¯Á¦Ñ§µÄÔÀí½¨Á¢ÁËÏàÓ¦µÄϵͳģÐÍ¡£