ë½í

Æ´Òô
m¨¢o j¨©n
×¢Òô
¨Ç¨à¨@ ¨Ð¨ç¨ã

¡°Ã«½í¡±»ù±¾½âÊÍ

±íÃæÆðÓÐÒ»²ãëȦµÄÖ¯Îï¡£Ò»°ãÒÔ´¿ÃÞÉ´ÏßΪԭÁÏ£¬ÉÙÁ¿ÓвôÓûì·ÄÉ´Ïß»ò»¯Ñ§ÏËάɴµÄ¡£ÓÃë½íÖ¯»úÖ¯Öƶø³É¡£°´Ö¯Ô췽ʽ·ÖÓÐÕëÖ¯ºÍËóÖ¯Á½Àࣻ°´ÓÃ;·ÖÓÐÃæ½í¡¢Õí½í¡¢Ô¡½í¡¢Ã«½í±»¡¢É³·¢½íµÈ£»´ËÍ⣬»¹ÓÐë½í²¼£¬ÓÃ×÷·ìÖÆÒÂ×Å¡£±íÃæëȦÃܼ¯£¬ÊÖ¸ÐÈáÈí£¬ÎüË®´¢Ë®ÐÔÇ¿£¬ÄÍÄ¥¡¢±£Å¯ÐÔÄܺᣳ£¼ûµÄ»¨É«ÓÐÈ«°×ë½í¡¢ËØɫë½í¡¢²ÊÌõë½í¡¢Ó¡»¨Ã«½í¡¢Ë¿¹âë½í¡¢ÂÝÐýÐÎë½í¡¢ÌỨë½íºÍÌỨӡ»¨Ã«½íµÈ¡£

¡°Ã«½í¡±°Ù¿Æ

°Ù¶È°Ù¿Æ

ë½í

  • ë½íÊÇÒ»ÖÖÇå½àÓÃÆ·£¬ÌØÕ÷Ϊ·½Ðδ¿ÃÞ·Ä֯Ʒ£¬Ê¹Ó÷½·¨Îª´òʪºóÅ¡¸É²ÁÊÃƤ·ô£¬ÒԴﵽȥ³ýÎÛ×Õ¡¢Çå½àÁ¹Ë¬µÄЧ¹û¡£
  • ë½íÊÇÓÉÈý¸öϵͳɴÏßÏ໥½»Ö¯¶ø³ÉµÄ¾ßÓÐëȦ½á¹¹µÄÖ¯Îï¡£ÕâÈý¸öϵͳµÄÉ´Ïß¼´ÊÇë¾­¡¢µØ¾­ºÍγɴ¡£Ëæ×ſƼ¼µÄ·¢Õ¹£¬ÓÖ³öÏÖÁ˾­±àë½íÖ¯ÎÕâÖÖë½íëȦ¹Ì½áÀΣ¬µ«ÐÎʽÏà¶Ôµ¥Ò»£¬Êг¡Éϵľø´ó²¿·ÖΪ»ú֯ë½í¡£ÊÀ½çÉϵÚÒ»Ìõë½íµ®ÉúÓÚ1850Ä꣬²úµØÓ¢¹ú£¬¾à½ñÒÑÓÐ160¶àÄêµÄÀúÊ·¡£Óɵ±³õµÄ×î¼òµ¥µÄµ¥É«Æ½Ã«Ã«½í·¢Õ¹µ½ÏÖÔÚµÄÌá¶ÐÌỨ¡¢Ó¡»¨¡¢ÎÞÄíë½í¡¢¸îÈÞë½íµÈ£¬ÊÇ·¢Õ¹Ê±¼ä×î¶Ì¶ø·¢Õ¹ËÙ¶È×î¿ìµÄ·ÄÖ¯²úÆ·¡£
  • ¡°Ã«½í¡±Ôì¾ä

    1.Èç¹û·É»úÀëµØÃæÓÐÒ»¶¨µÄ¸ß¶È£¬ÕâÖÖÏ»¬·¨ÓÉÓÚÓÐë½í±»µ±×÷΢ÐͽµÂäÉ¡¾Í²»ÖÁÓÚÍ·ÏÈ×ŵأ¬¶øÇÒÄÜÉÔ¼õϽµµÄËٶȡ£

    2.Ì©¹úСŮº¢ºÍɳ̲Äк¢´øÎÒÃÇ¿´ÁËӲľ´²ºÍºñ´ï6Ó¢´çµÄϯÃÎ˼£¬»¹¸øÎÒÃÇ·îÉϱùë½íºÍ²èË®¡£

    3.ð±¶ùÕ¾ÔÚ×øÔ¡ÅèÅÔ£¬ÆøµÃÍÙÄ­ÐÇ×ÓÂÒ·É£¬Á½¸ö¹ÃÄïÒ²Õ¾ÔÚÄǶù£¬ÊÖÀïÄó×Åë½í¡£

    4.Ô­À´ÊǽÐÎÒÈ¥ÄÃË®°¡,º¦µÃÎÒÐ龪һ³¡,Íþ¶û˹¸Ï½ôƨµßƨµßµÄÈ¥¶ËË®µÝë½í¡£

    5.¼Òί»áΪº¢×ÓÃÇÁªÏµÁËÔÞÖúÒûÁÏ£¬×¼±¸ÁËÓ¡ÓÐѧУ±êʶµÄÔ˶¯Ã«½í×÷ΪÁôÄî¡£

    6.½«Ñ󽪺ÍÑó´ÐÖÃÓÚÒ»´ó¹ø¿ªË®ÖÐÖóÒ»·ÖÖÓ£¬È¥Ö­£¬ÓÚë½íÉÏÆÌ¿ªÀäÈ´¡£

    7.ë½íÉÏÐå×ÅËûÃÇÐÕÃûÊ××ÖĸµÄÁ¬Ð´×éºÏ¡£

    8.±ÏÕÐÁ«,Å®,ÉúÓÚ1959Äê12ÔÂ,1977ÄêÖÁ1990ÄêÔÚ·ö·çÏØë½í³§¹¤×÷,1993Äê10ÔÂ23ÈÕ±»±¦¼¦ÏØÀͶ¯¾ÖÕÐÊÕΪ±¦¼¦ÏØÖ¯²¼³§È«ÃñºÏͬÖƹ¤ÈË¡£

    9.¼ÇÕ߶ÔÕÕºó·¢ÏÖ,¼ÒÀï³ýÁËë½í¡¢Ö½½í´¢±¸½Ï³ä·ÖÍâ,»¹ÓÐÉÙÁ¿µÄ³£ÓÃÒ½Ò©Æ·¡¢ÃÞ°ô¡¢´´¿ÚÌù¡¢É´²¼±Á´ø¼°´æ·Å¶àÄêµÄÃð»ðÆ÷¡£

    10.ÌرðҪעÒâµÄÊÇ,Èç¹ûÊÇÉúʯ»ÒÉÕÉË,Ó¦ÏÈÓÃÊ־ë½í¿«¾»Æ¤·ôÉϵÄÉúʯ»Ò¿ÅÁ£,ÔÙÓôóÁ¿ÇåË®³åÏ´,·ñÔòÖ±½Óˮϴ¿ÉÄܼÓÖØ×ÆÉ˳̶ȡ£

    11.ÎÒ¿´µ½,ËûÃÇÊֳֵĹ÷×Ó,¾ÍÖªµÀÊÇ´òÉß¹÷;´îÔÚ²±×ÓÉϵÄë½í,¾ÍÖªµÀ±Ø¶¨¹ý³Ìº¹Á÷ÈçÓê;¿´µ½ËûÃÇËæʱÌͳöÀ´µÄÓêÉ¡ÓêÒÂ,±Ø¶¨ÊÇʱʱ·çÓêÎÞ³£¡£

    12.¶®µÃÏû·À³£Ê¶µÄËýÁ¢¼´Í˻ط¿Àï,ÓëÁíÒ»ÃûÄÐͬÊ°ÑÃÅËÀËÀ¹Øס,²¢°Ñ½þʪºóµÄë½íµÈÎï¶ÂסÃÅ϶,µÈ´ý¾ÈÔ®¡£

    13.ÎÒ˵´ê±³°É,ÊǽèÓõÄë½í¼°´ê±³¹¤ÓÃËûµÄÊÖÊƹ²Í¬Íê³ÉµÄ¡£

    14.Ñ¡ÔñÓÃÔÙÉúÖ½ÖƳɵÄÖ½ÕÅ£¬Îļþ°ü×°£¬Îļþ¼Ð£¬Ðŷ⣬Ã÷ÐÅƬ£¬²ÞÖ½»¹ÓÐֽë½í¡£

    15.Ï´Ô¡ºÍË®ÁÆÖÐÐĵÄÌصãÊǹ¦ÄÜÔ¡½í,ÅîËÉϪˮ°£¼°ÃÞë½íÔ¡ÒÂ.

    16.°²Ë³ÃñÖÚÔÚ´óÊ®×ÖÖÓ¹ÄÂ¥¶«Ãæ´î½¨Ä¾Ì¨,¾ÙÐÐÓ­ËÍ¿¹ÈÕ½«Ê¿´ó»á,Ïòµá¾üսʿÔùËÍë½í¡¢²ÝЬ¡¢·ÊÔí¡¢µçͲµÈοÀÍÆ·¡£

    17.λÓÚ»ðū³³£¬Âõ°¢ÃÜ£¬Å¦Ô¼µÄÈý¼Ò¾Æµê¹ºÂòÁËÒ»ÖÖÐÂÐ͵ÄÄÍÏ´µÄÉäƵʶ±ð±êÇ©£¬ÓÃÒÔ·ÀÖ¹ÈËÃÇÄÃ×ßËûÃǵÄë½í¡¢ÑÇÂé֯ƷºÍ¸ß¼¶ÈÞëԡÅÛ¡£

    18.¼ì·½·¢ÏÖ,Å®Á¬³¤Íµ»¹ÁËÕíÍ·Ìס¢ÃÞ±»Ìס¢Ì¨µÆÓë°×ë½íµÈÎïÆ·¡£

    19.µ±¾¯±¨ÏìÆðµÄʱºò,ͬѧÃÇ°´ÕÕÔ¤°¸,ÓÃÃÔ²Êñ¡¢Ã«½íµÈÑÚס¿Ú±Ç,°´Õռȶ¨Ïß·,ѸËÙ´Ó²»Í¬µÄÇÞÊÒÓÐÖÈÐòµØ³·Àë,¶¯×÷½Ã½¡Ãô½Ý,²»»Å²»ÂÒ,²»Óµ²»¼·¡£

    20.ÀýÈ磬À׶÷¾Í½¨Á¢ÁËÒ»¸öÎļþ£¬Ã«½í¼Ü³öһЩ¶îÍâµÄľ²ÄºÍÖñ×Ó¡£

    21.·½¶÷Ì©·ÅÏÂÀ©ÐØÆ÷,ÓÃë½íĨן¹¡£

    22.³¯³¿£¬ÎÒ´©Éϳ¤ÐäÉÀ£¬Í·ÉÏÃÉסë½íÖ®ºó£¬¾Í¿ÉÒÔÑØ×ÅÕ⺣±ßÉ¢²½£¬¶ø²»»áÏÅ×űðÈË¡£

    23.¾Í²ÍÆ÷¾ßºÍʳÎïÅÌÔÚÎÀÉúÕ¾ÓÃÔ¤ÏÈŪʪµÄСë½íÇåÀí¡£

    24.Ò»°ãÿ5·ÖÖÓ¸ü»»Ò»´Îë½í£¬×îºÃ½»ÌæʹÓá£Ã¿´ÎÈÈ·ó15¡ª20·ÖÖÓ¡£1¡¢»º½âÑÛÆ£ÀÍ£»2¡¢Ô¤·À¶úÁû£»3¡¢¸ÄÉÆÍ·ÔΣ»4¡¢ÖÎÂäÕí£»5¡¢·ÀÖξ±×µ²¡£»6¡¢»º½âÂýÐÔÑü×µÌÛÍ´£»7¡¢»º½âÍβ¿ÌÛÍ´£»8¡¢ÖÎÁÆÍ´¾­»òº®ÐÔ¸¹Í´£»9¡¢µø´òËðÉË¡£

    25.730ÆÞÏëÄ㣬·¢Ìõ¶ÌÐÅ×£¸£Ä㣺ËÍÒ»Ìõ¿ìÀÖµÄë½íΪÄã²Áº¹£¬ËÍÒ»°Ñ¿ªÐĵĹûʵΪÄ㻶ÑÕ£¬ËÍÒ»´²ÐÒ¸£µÄ±»ÈìÈÃÄãÎÂů£¬ËÍÒ»Ôò×£¸£µÄ¶ÌÐÅÈÃÄãÐÄ»¶¡£Ç×°®µÄ£¬¶ÌÐÅÊÕµ½ÁËÂð£¿ÊÕµ½Á˾ͽÐÒ»Éù£¬¡£

    26.ÕâÌõÃÞÖÆë½í±»ºÜÈáÈí¡£

    27.¾Æ×íµÄ¼±¾È·½·¨£º1ÓÃÇåË®¹à¿Ú£¬²¢ÓÃʪë½í·óÔÚ×í¾ÆÕߺóÄÔºÍÇ°ÐØ£¬Ö±ÖÁ¾Æ×íÕßÇåÐÑ¡£2¶àÒû²èË®¡£Â̲èÖк¬Óе¥ÄþËáÄÜ·Ö½â¾Æ¾«£¬»º½â¾Æ¾«Öж¾¡£

    28.¼¸ÖÖ¶«Î÷³£É¹É¹£º1.ë½í£¬Ã«½í¹ÒÔÚÎÀÉú¼ä£¬¿ÕÆø²»¹»Á÷ͨ£¬ºÜÄѸɳ¹µ×£¬¼«Ò×·±Ö³²¡¾ú£»2.Ĩ²¼£¬Òò½Ó´¥ÎÛÎï¶ø»ýÀÛ´óÁ¿Ï¸¾ú£»3.Õíо£¬Ïļ¾Í·²¿Ò׳öº¹£¬ÕíоÒײØÄ䲡¾ú£»4.Å衢Ͱ¡£ÓþÃÁË»á»ýÀÛÎÛ¹¸£»5.ÍÏЬ£¬¼«Ò×Òò½Å²¡¶øÁôϲ¡¾ú¡£

    29.1¡¢ÓÃÁ¹Ã«½íÏ´Á³¡£2¡¢Äóס±ÇÒíÁ½²à¡£3¡¢°´Ñ¹ÑÀö¸¡£4¡¢Ë«ÊÖÖÐÖ¸»¥¹´£¬±£³ÖÊýÊ®Ãë¡£5¡¢°×´×ͿĨ±ÇÇ»¡£

    30.°×´×µÄÃîÓãºÏ´Á³Ê±ÔÚË®Öмӵã°×´×¼ÈÃÀ°×£¬ÓÖ½àÃæ¸É¾»£»ÁíÍâÕâÖÖË®»¹¿ÉÏû³ýë½íÉϵĹÖζ£»ÅݽÅʱ¼Óµã°×´×»¹ÄÜÈí»¯½ÇÖÊ£¬³ý³ôζ¡£

    31.ËãÃüÏÈÉúÏ´ÁË°ÑÁ³,¼û±³½£µÄÈËÒ»Á³ÔàÙâÙâµÄ,²»ÓÉÇáÇáµÄÒ¡ÁËÒ¡Í·,½ø³ø·¿¶ËÀ´Ò»ÅèÇåË®,ÕÒÁËÌõʪë½í,ÌæËû²ÁÁ˲ÁÁ³¡£

    32.ΪÁË·ÀÖ¹ÉúÔڵذåÉÏ£¬Èç¹û¿ÉÐеĻ°£¬ÆÌÒ»¿éËÜÁÏ×À²¼£¬Ô¡Á±£¬±¨Ö½£¬Ã«½í£¬»òÕßÆäËûÀàËƲÄÁÏ¡£

    33.¸Ï½ô°ÑËüÇ£ÏÂÀ´,»ØÈ¥ÄÃÁËë½í¸øËü²Á²Á¡£

    34.Èç¹ûÇé¿öʵÔÚÔã¸â,ËûÃÇ»á˵²»µÃ²»ÈÓµôĨÁ³Ã«½í¾ÙÊÖͶ½µ.

    35.ÀàËÆë½í×´µÄ²¼,ÓÉľÃÞËùÖÆ,³¤Ô¼3³ß,ÓÃËÕ·¼È¾¹ý,ÓÉÓÚÊ®·ÖµÄ¼áÈÍ,ÓÐן÷ÖÖ¸÷ÑùµÄÓÃ;¡£

    36.Ì칫²»×÷ÃÀ£¬Æ®ÆðϸÓ꣬Ëý´ò¿ªÐ¡Æ¤ÏäÈ¡³öÒ»Ìõë½í±»¸øÂèÂè´ÓÍ·µ½Éí×ӸǺ㬰ÑÂèÂèÊÖ°ü½øë½í±»ÄÚÔÙ·ÅÔÚƤÏäÉÏ£¬×¼±¸ÍÆ×Å×ß¡£

    37.Ö÷´ò²úÆ·£º¹è½ºÑÀË¢£¬Ã«½í±»£¬Ô¡½í£¬Õí½í¡£

    38.¾ÍÏñÆäËûÈË˵µÃÒ»Ñù£¬Ï´Êּ䳬¿Ö²À£¬·¿¼äÕ­µÃÒªÃü£¬´²µ¥ºÍë½íÓÖ¾ÉÓÖÆÆ¡£

    39.¹ùŮʿ¸æËß¼ÇÕß,Âí±üÖÒÔ­À´ÊÇÇػʵºÊÐë½í³§Ò½ÎñÊÒµÄÒ½Éú,ºóÀ´µ÷ÈëÇػʵºÊк£¸ÛÇø»·¾³ÎÀÉú¹ÜÀí¾ÖÒ½ÎñÊÒ,2001Äê×óÓÒÍËÐÝ¡£

    40.³¤³¤µØºô³öÒ»¿ÚÆø,³öÁËÒ»Éí͸º¹,ÎâêÏ×¥Æð´îÔÚÅԱ߼Ü×ÓÉϵÄë½í,´ÓÉϵ½Ï²ÁÊÃ×ÅÉíÉÏÁÜÀìµÄº¹Ë®¡£

    41.ÊÐÈÝÃâ·ÑÌṩ°üÀ¨´¢Îï¹ñºÍËø£¬Ã«½í£¬´²µ¥ºÍÓðÈÞ±»£¬È«Ì쿧·ÈºÍ²è£¬Ôç²Í£¬ÎÞÏßÉÏÍø·þÎñ£¬ÐÐÀî¼Ä´æ£¬ÎÀÐǵçÊÓ£¬µçÓ°ºÍ¸ü¶à£¡

    42.»ÅÁËÉñµÄÂíÑåÅô¸ÏæÓÃÊÖºÍë½íÎæסСºìµÄ¿Ú±Ç³¤´ï¶þÊ®·ÖÖÓ,½«Æä²ÐÈÌɱº¦¡£

    43.Ìú¹÷ÓÖ³Æ̧¸ó,̧¹÷ÕßÉí´©´«Í³·þ×°,°×Ñò¶Çë½íÕÖÍ·,×óÓÒÒ¡°Ú,¼Ü×ÓÉϵÄСº¢ÃÇËæÖ®ôæôæÆðÎè,¹÷ÉϹ÷ÏÂÅäºÏĬÆõ,½Ú×àÒ»ÖÂ,ÓÐÈçÐÐÔÆÁ÷Ë®¡£

    44.ÓÃʱ½«¹ÏÈ¿È¡³ö£¬ÓÃÏû¶¾½à¾»Ã«½íÎü¸ÉË®·Ý.

    45.±»ÌÌÉ˺ó£¬Æ¤·ô»á³öÏÖСˮÅÝ£¬Ð¡Åݲ»¿ÉÌôÆÆ£¬·ñÔò»áÒý·¢¸ÐȾ¡£´ËʱҪÁ¢¿ÌʹÌÌÉ˵ÄƤ·ô½Ó´¥ÀäË®»ò±ù¿é£¬È»ºóÓÃë½í½þÈë±ùÀäµÄȫ֬ţÄ̺󣬷óÔÚÉË¿ÚÉÏͬÑùÓÐЧ¡£¶øÇÒ£¬Å£ÄÌËùº¬µÄÖ¬·¾ºÍµ°°×ÖÊ»¹¿ÉÒÔ¼õÇá×ÆÉոС£ÁíÍ⣬·äÃÛº¬Óп¹¾ú³É·Ö£¬¿ÉÖÎÁÆÌÌÉË£¬¼ÓËÙÉË¿ÚÓúºÏ¡£

    46.ë½íµÄ³ß´ç°üº¬ÊÖ½í,Ãæ½í,Ô¡½íºÍ̺×ÓµÈ.

    47.ËÄÌõÏàͬµÄʪë½íÕŹÒÔÚ²»Í¬µÄµØµã¡£±í3ÏÔʾɹ¸ÉÕâËÄÌõë½íËùÐèµÄʱ¼ä¡£

    48.»Øµ½ËÞÉáÒѾ­¿ìʮһµãÁË,ËûСÐÄÒíÒí½«°×É«ÕÛÉ¡ÓøÉë½í²Á¸É,È»ºó·ÅÔÚÁËÊé×ÀÖ®ÉÏ¡£

    49.ºóÀ´,Óз¿²úÖ÷ÀîÇìÀ´ÔÚÕâÀィ·¿³ö×â;Ô­À´µÄÇ廯ìô´óµî¿ª°ìÆðÖ¯²¼¹¤³§,¶þµîºÍÅäµî·Ö±ð¿ª°ìÁËÓ¡Ë¢³§¡¢Ö¯Í೧ºÍë½í³§¡£

    50.»¹ÓС°Ö÷²ÄÀñ¡±ÔùË͵Äë½í¸Ë¡¢ÊÖÖ½ºÐ¡­¡­ÕâÑùËãÏÂÀ´,Ï൱ÓÚÕû¸öÎÀÉú¼ä×°ÐÞ¼¸ºõÃâ·Ñ¡£

    ¡°Ã«½í¡±·Ö´Ê½âÊÍ

    ë

    »ù±¾×ÖÒå¡ñ ëm¨¢o ¨Ç¨à¨@ ¶¯Ö²ÎïµÄƤÉÏËùÉúµÄ˿״Î¡«±Ê¡£Óð¡«¡£¡«Ö¯Æ·¡£¡«¹Çã¤È»¡£ÇáÓں衫¡£ ÏñëµÄ¶«Î÷£¬Ö¸¹ÈÎï»ò²Ý£º²»¡«Ö®µØ¡£

    ÏêÇé
    ½í

    »ù±¾×ÖÒå¡ñ ½íj¨©n ¨Ð¨ç¨ã¡¥¡¡¡ò ²Á¶«Î÷»ò°ü¹ü¡¢¸²¸Ç¶«Î÷µÄÓÃÆ·£¬¶àÓ÷Ä֯ƷÖƳɣºÊÖ¡«¡£Î§¡«¡£Áì¡«¡£Õí¡«¡£²Í¡«¡£¡«àþ£¨¡°àþ¡±ÊǹŴú¸¾Å®µÄÍ·½í£¬Ö¸¸

    ÏêÇé