ʷѧ
¡°Ê·Ñ§¡±»ù±¾½âÊÍ
½âÊÍ ¡ò ʷѧ sh¨«xué [historiography] ÒÔÈËÀàÀúʷΪÑо¿¶ÔÏóµÄ¿Æѧ Ñо¿ÀúÊ·±¾Öʼ°ÆäÒò¹û¹ØϵµÄѧÊõ¡£
¡°Ê·Ñ§¡±°Ù¿Æ
°Ù¶È°Ù¿Æ
ʷѧ £¨Éç»á¿ÆѧµÄÒ»¸ö²¿ÃÅ£©
1.Ò¶¿¨½ÝÁÕ±¤ÓзḻµÄÀúÊ·½¨ÖþºÍ²©Îï¹Ý£¬¶ÔÑо¿Ä©´úɳ»ÊºÍËû¼Ò×åµÄÀúʷѧ¼ÒÊDZص½Ö®µØ¡£
2.ÏÖÔÚ,Àúʷѧ¼ÒÌá³öÁËÒ»¸öÒýÈ˺ÃÆæµÄ½âÊÍ,ÈÏΪÍòÉñµîʵ¼ÊÉÏÊÇÒ»¸ö¾ÞÐÍÈÕêÐÒÇ,ÓÃÓÚÈÃÑô¹âÔÚÖØÒª³¡ºÏÕÕÉäµ½ÂÞÂí»ÊµÛÉíÉÏ¡£
3.Ò»¸öÃ÷¶ÏµÄÀúʷѧ¼ÒСÐÄÒíÒíµØÑ¡ÔñºÍȨºâÊÂʵµÄÕæÏà¡£
4.ʷѧ¼ÒÒÀ¾ÝÏÖÓеÄÎÄÏ×Ìá³öÁËÒ»¸ö¼Ù˵,Èç¹ûÕâ¼Ù˵²»±»Ä³¸öͻȻ³öÍÁµÄʱ´ú¸ü¼Ó¾ÃÔ¶µÄС½ÅÅ®È˵ÄʬÌå²µÚµµÄ»°,Ôò»á³ÉΪ¹«ÈϵÄÊÂʵ¡£
5.ÔÚ´óѧ¹¥¶ÁÀúʷʱ,¿ªÓС°·½Ö¾Ñ§¡±µÄ¿Î³Ì,ÖªµÀËδúÖøÃûÀúʷѧ¼Ò˾Âí¹âÔøÊ¢ÔÞ·½Ö¾¡°¿ª±àôÓÈ»,ÈçÖ¸ÖîÕÆ,Õ沩ÎïÖ®Ê顱¡£
6.¿Æѧ¼ÒºÍÀúʷѧ¼Ò±ØÐëÔú½øʵÑéÊÒºÍͼÊé¹ÝÈ¥°ÇÀÒ»·¬²ÅÓпÉÄܵõ½ËûÃǵŤ×÷½á¹û£¬¶ø¸ÅÄî·ÖÎöÊÇÌÉÔÚ¿¿±³ÒÎÉϾͿÉÒÔ½øÐеġ£¶«ººµÄÜ÷ÔöÔʷѧ¶ÀÁ¢Óо޴ó¹±Ï×,Ëû²»½öµÚÒ»¸ö½¨ÒéÉèÖÃרְʷ¹Ù,»¹Ð´Á˺º´úµÚÒ»²¿±àÄêÌåÊ·Ê顶ºº¼Í¡·,·¢·²ÆðÀýÖ®¹¦²»¿ÉÄ¥Ãð¡£
7.ɯÎ̵ĹÊÊÂ˵À´»°³¤£¬Ç£Éæ¹ã·º£¬¶ø±¶ÌØÏÈÉúÒÔ»ìºÏÖøÀúʷѧ¡¢´«¼Çѧ¡¢ÎÄѧµÄÓÅÐãËØÑø£¬¾«×¼Óֹ㲩µØΪÎÒÃdzéË¿°þ¼ë£¬×«Ð´³öÕâ±¾²»¿É¶àµÃµÄºÃÊé¡£
8.ÓеÄÀúʷѧ¼ÒÃÇ´ÓÕþÖεĽǶÈÈÏΪ,×ÝÀÀÊ·³Ë,Ö»Òª´ó½ÊÇ·ÖÁѵÄ,´æÔÚÁ½¸ö¹ú¼ÒÒÔÉÏ,ÄÇô¹ú¼Ò¼äµÄÕþÖεijöÏ־Ͳ»¿É±ÜÃâ¡£
9.Èç½ñºÜ¶àʷѧ¼Ò¶¼ÈÏΪËûÊÇλ¿ªÃ÷֮ʿ,µ±ÄêËû¼«Á¦Ö÷ÕžýÖ÷Á¢ÏÜ,Ò²ÔøÏòÎ÷Ì«ºóÚÉÑÔ¹ý,µ«Î÷Ì«ºóÌýºó²»ÔÃ,°ÑËûºÍ¹§ÍõÒ»ÆðºäÏÂÈ¥ÁË¡£
10.Ï£ÂÞ¶àµÂÓëÐÞÎôµ×µÂÊÇÎ÷·½Ê·Ñ§Ê·ÉÏÁ½Î»Àï³Ì±®Ê½µÄÈËÎï.
11.ÓïÑÔѧ¡¢Àúʷѧ¡¢¿¼¹Åѧ¡¢Ãñ×åÎÄ»¯Ê·¡¢¸¾Å®Ñ§¡¢ÃñË×ѧµÈѧ¿ÆÁìÓòÀïµÄµØλ¡¢×÷ÓúÍÓ°Ï죬¸üÐè̽ÌÖ¡£
12.»×Úʦ·¶¿í¡°ÏªÉ½ÐÐÂᱵĿ¡ÃÀ»¾í,»¹»áÏëµ½ÕÜѧ¼Ò¸µÐþ¡°½üÖìÕß³à,½üÄ«Õߺڡ±µÄÐÑÊÀóðÑÔ,ʷѧ¼ÒÁîºüµÂ—±¡°ÈçÎÄÊ·²»´æ,ºÎÒÔ¼ø¹Å½ñ¡±µÄ¾¯ÊÀÃûÑÔ¡£
13.ժҪпθÄÏÂÀúʷѧ¿Æ×îÏÔÖøµÄÁ½¸öÌØÕ÷£¬¾ÍÊÇÖÐÍâÊ·ºÏ±àºÍרÌâÌåÀý¡£
14.ºÜ¶àÖйúÀúʷѧ¼Ò¶¼×ÐϸµÄ¼Ç¼ÏÂÁ˱¾¹úµÄÕ½ÒÛ£¬µ«ÊÇȴûÓиø³öÌ«¶àµÄϸ½Ú¡£¶øÇÒËûÃÇ´ó¶¼ÊÇÕþ¸®¹ÙÔ±¶ø²»ÊÇÁì±ø´òÕ̵Ľ«¾ü¡£
15.ÕâÊÇÎÒÃǵÄÂ۵㣬Ȼ¶ø£¬ÔÚÖйúÀúʷѧ¼Ò˵À´£¬ÕâЩ¾¼ÃÊ·¿ÎÌâµÄÑо¿Ò»Ö±Ã»ÓгÉΪÕæÕýµÄ¾¼Ãѧ·½·¨»òÊÓÒ°¡£
16.ÀÖ¸®Ñ§±¾ÓÐרÃÅ֮ѧ£¬ÓëÊ«¾Ñ§¡¢³þ´Çѧ¡¢´Êѧ¡¢Çúѧ£¬¹¹³ÉÁËÍêÕûµÄÖйúÒôÀÖÎÄѧʷѧ£¬È»¶øѧ½ç¶ÔÀÖ¸®Ñ§µÄ¹ØעȴԶԶ²»¹»¡£
17.¸½ÊôÎÄÎïÓнøÊ¿ØÒ1¿é,½ûÔ¼±®1ͨ,ÓÀ¹ÅǧÇï±®1ͨ,ÓÀ´¹²»Ðà±®1ͨ,ʯÎÝÍÁÉñÃí1×ùµÈ,¶¼¾ßÓнϸߵÄÈËÎĺÍÃñ×åʷѧ¼ÛÖµ¡£
18.ÏãÅ©±´ËþÀÊ·ÆάÄÉ,ÎÒÃǵĵ䷶;ÕÜѧÎÄѧÀúʷѧ,°¬Ë¼Ææ¹ùÄÈô·¶ÎÄÀ½,ÎÒÃǵÄÐÄÔ¸¡£
19.Ç®µÂÀÕÊÇÃÀ¹úÉÌÒµÀúʷѧ½çµÄÌ©¶·£¬Ëû¼¸ºõÒ»ÈËÊ×´´ÁË´óÐÍÆóÒµµÄ·¢Õ¹Ê·¡£
20.¿ÎÌýÌѧÊdzõÖÐÀúʷѧϰµÄÖ÷ÕóµØ£¬Ñо¿ÐÔѧϰҲ²»ÄÜ·ÅÆúÕâ¸öÕóµØ¡£
21.Ï£À°Ê·Ñ§¼Ò£ºËûÎÞ·¨ÓëÈ˲úÉúÇé¸Ð½»Á÷¡£
22.ÃåÒò´óѧÀúʷѧ¼Ò»ô»ªµÂ?Î÷¸ñ¶û˵£¬Ô˶¯´øÍ·ÈË»ô»ªµÂ?˹¿ÆÌغóÀ´¶«´°Ê·¢£¬±»È˱¬³öËûÊǸöʧ°ÜµÄ´òÀ¯ÍÆÏúÔ±£¬¶ø·ÇËû×ԳƵÄΰ´ó¹¤³Ìʦ£¬Ädz¡Ô˶¯±ã×Ô¼ºÆÆÃðÁË¡£
23.ËûµÄѧÎÊÔ¨²©£¬²»À¢ÊDz©¹Åͨ½ñµÄšvʷѧ¼Ò¡£
24.ÕâÒ»ÇеÄ×ï¿ý»öÊ×¾ÓÈ»ÊÇÖйúµÄÀúÊ·±»Î޹ʴܸÄ,ΪÁËÐÞ¸´ÀúÊ·,Öйúʱ¿Õר¼ÒÏôÁéɽ¡¢Àúʷѧ¼ÒÑîÑô·µ»ØÁË·çÆðÔÆÓ¿µÄ³õÌÆÎäÁÖÄê´ú¡¡
25.ÕÂѧ³ÏÊÇÇå´úÖøÃûµÄʷѧ¼Ò¡¢Ä¿Â¼Ñ§¼Ò£¬±ÏÉúÖÂÁ¦ÓÚ½²Ñ§¡¢ÖøÊöºÍ×ëÐÞÊ·Ö¾¡£
26.ÔÚÕâÖÖת±äÖУ¬Àúʷѧ¼ÒÑо¿Àúʷʱ£¬ÄÇЩ½âÊÍÐÂÊ·ÁϵÄз¼·¨³äʵÁË´«Í³µÄÀúÊ·Ñо¿·¼·¨¡£
27.Æð¾Ó×¢ÊÇÔª³¯¹Ù·½Ê·Ñ§ÖеÄÖØÒªÒ»»·¡£
28.ÖªµÀ»ÆÈÊÓî¡°´óÀúÊ·¹Û¡±µÄÈË,Ò»¶¨ÖªµÀ¡°ÀúÊ·Ö®Íõ¡±²¼ÂÞ´ú¶û,ÒÔËûΪ´ú±íµÄÄê¼øѧÅÉÔÚµ±½ñÀúʷѧ½ç¿°³Æһͳ½ºþ¡£
29.Àúʷѧ¼Ò²»ÖªµÀÂÀ±´¿ËÊÇÈçºÎ¢¶ÏÅ·ÖÞóÒ׵ģ¬ÖµµÃ×¢ÒâµÄÊÇ¡£ÔÚ¹«Ôª12ÊÀ¼ÍʱËüºÍÁÚ½ü³ÇÊеÄͬÒ⻥Ïà±£»¤±Ë´Ë¡£
30.°à¹Ì²»½öÊÇÎÒ¹ú¹Å´úÖøÃûµÄʷѧ¼Ò£¬Ò²ÊÇÖøÃûµÄ±à¼Ñ§¼Ò£¬´ÓËû±àÖøµÄͼÊéÖпÉÒÔ·ÖÎö³öËûµÄ±à¼Ë¼Ï룬¼´Ðû´«Èå¼Ò˼Ïë¡¢¹Ø×¢ÃñÉú¡¢±ü±ÊÖ±Êé¡¢¼È¼Ì³ÐÓÖ´´Ð¡£
31.×î½üÎÒÐĸ¡Æø´Ö,ÕâƪºÜ³¤µÄÎÄÕÂÎÒûÓÐϸ¿´,ÖÁÓÚ×¢ÊÍÖÐÂÞÁеIJο¼ÊéÄ¿,º¸ÇÁ˾¼Ãѧ¡¢Éç»áѧ¡¢Àúʷѧ¡¢·¨Ñ§¡¢Â×ÀíѧµÈ¶à¸öÁìÓòµÄרÖø¡£
32.ÎÒ¹ú¹Å´úʷѧ´«ÊÀ¾«Æ·Öø×÷³ÉÒòÖ®Ò»£¬ÊÇÓÉÓÚÆäÖø×÷¾ßÓÐÍ»³öµÄÖÎÊ·ÄÜÁ¦£¬ÆäÖаüÀ¨Ê·µÂ¡¢Ê·²Å¡¢Ê·Ñ§¡¢Ê·Ê¶¡¢Ê·Á¦¡¢Ê·µ¨¡£
33.¸ù¾Ý¹úÄÚÍâÀúʷѧ¼ÒµÄÒâ¼û£¬Ëùν¡°È«Çò»¯¡±ÖÁÉÙ¿ÉÒÔ×·Ëݵ½15ÊÀ¼ÍÄ©16ÊÀ¼Í³õµÄµØÀí´ó·¢ÏÖʱ´ú¡£
34.±¾Ñо¿ÖÐÐÄÒÔÉϺ£Ê¦´óÀúʷϵÖйú½üÏÖ´úʷѧ¿ÆΪÖ÷¸ÉÁ¦Á¿£¬»ã¼¯ÁËУÄÚÍâ¡¢¹úÄÚÍâר¼ÒѧÕ߶ø½¨Á¢µÄÑо¿»ú¹¹¡£
35.Àúʷѧ¼Ò¶ÔÂíЪ¶û¼Æ»®ÔÚÅ·ÖÞ¸´Ð˹ý³ÌÖÐËù·¢»ÓµÄ×÷ÓÃÒâ¼û²»Ò»£¬µ«ÊǶàÊýÈÏΪÂíЪ¶û¼Æ»®Ôڹؼüʱ¿Ì´ó´ó¹ÄÎèÁËÊ¿Æø¡£
36.Ò»¸öÍõ³¯Ö®ËùÒÔ¸²ÃðË¥°ÜµÄ½á¹û£¬¾ø·Çµ¥¶ÀʼþËùÔì³ÉµÄ¡£²»¹ýÀúʷѧÕߺÍÊ·ÆÀ¼ÒÃdz£³£Ìô³öijЩÌض¨µÄʼþ£¬ÈÏΪËüÃÇÊǵ¼Ö¾ɳ¯´úÃðÍöµÄÖ÷ÒªÔÒò¡£
37.ÔÚ¡°ÉÏÏÂÒ»ÍòÄꡪ¡ª¡ªÎä°²´ÅɽÎÄ»¯ÓëÖлªÎÄÃ÷¡±ÂÛ̳ÉÏ,Óë»á¿Æѧ½ç¡¢¿¼¹Å½çºÍʷѧ½çר¼ÒÌáÒéÖØÐÂÉóÊÓ¡°ÉÏÏÂÎåǧÄꡱµÄ˵·¨¡£
38.çÑ·ïÁÖ¶Ôʷѧ£¬ÓÈÆäÊǶÔʷѧÀíÂÛµÄÑо¿ºÍ¼û½â¶¼¾ßÓÐÒ»¶¨µÄºÏÀíÐԺͿÆѧÐÔ£¬²¢ÔÚijÖ̶ֳÈÉÏ´Ù½øÁËÖйúʷѧµÄ·¢Õ¹¡£
39.ÔÚº£¾üº½¿Õ±ø³É¾ü100ÖÜÄêÖ®¼Ê£¬º£¾üѧ»áÑûÇëÁËÊÀ½çÉÏ×îÖøÃûµÄº£¾üº½¿ÕÀúʷѧ¼Òд³öËûÐÄÄ¿ÖеÄÊ®´óʼþ¡£¿´¿´ÄãÊÇ·ñÈÏͬ¡£
40.½ñÎľ³ç·î¿××Ó,³Æ¿××ÓΪ¡°ÍйŸÄÖÆ¡±;¹ÅÎľѧ¼ÒÒÔÖܹ«ÎªÏÈÊ¥,¿××ÓΪʷѧ¼Ò,¡°ÐŶøºÃ¹Å,Êö¶ø²»×÷¡±¡£
41.¶ÔÓÚǬ¼ÎʷѧÐγÉÔÒòµÄ̽ÌÖ£¬Ñ§ÕßÃǶàÓÐÂÛÁС£
42.ËûÒ²²»È¥¿´ÄÇЩºìº£Á½°¶µÄÆæÒì¹Å³Ç£¬ÄǸ¡ÏÖÔÚÌì±ßµÄ³ÇÓ°¼òÖ±¾ÍÏóÊÇÃÀÀöµÄͼ»¡£ËûÒ²²»ÏëÒ»ÏëÄÇЩÔÚÕâ°¢À²®º£Íå¿ÉÄÜ·¢ÉúµÄΣÏÕ£º¹Å´ú¶àÉÙʷѧ¼ÒÈç˹ÌØÀÅó°¬Àï°²°¢¶ûµÃÃ׶బµÂÀïÎ÷µÈÈËÒ»ÌáÆðÕâÀÎÞ²»Ì¸»¢É«±ä¡£´ÓÇ°£¬Â·¹ý´Ë´¦µÄº½º£¼ÒÈô²»¸øº£Éñ·îÏ×¼ÀÆ·£¬ÆíÇóÂÃÐа²È«£¬ËûÃÇÊǾö²»¸ÒðȻº½Ðеġ£
43.κ½úÒÔºó£¬ÖÃÖø×÷ÀÉ¡¢×«Ê·Ñ§Ê¿£¬ËãÊÇÓÐÁËÕýʽ¸ºÔðÐÞÊ·µÄ¹ÙÔ±¡£
44.µ«ÊDZ±¾©ÖÐÑëÕþ¸®Õâ°ã½«Ê±ÊÂÕþÖιØϵÓë¼ÍÄîÀúʷʼþµÄ̬¶ÈÏàÁªÏµµÄ·½·¨ÒýÆðÁËһЩÀúʷѧ¼ÒµÄ²»Âú£¬ËûÃÇÈÏΪÕâÑù×öÊÇΣÏյġ£
45.×÷Ϊʷѧ¼ÒµÄ˾Âí¹â£¬Ó½Ê·Ö®×÷ÓëÄÇЩÒÔÎÄѧ²ÅÄÜÖø³ÆµÄÊ«ÈËËù×÷ӽʷʫÅÐÈ»Óбð¡£
46.ÔÚʷѧʷÉÏ£¬Ö±ÊéÓëÇú±ÊÊÇÁ½ÖÖ½ØÈ»²»Í¬µÄʷѧÏÖÏ󣬶¼Óë¿××ÓÓйء£
47.ÕÔÏÈÉúÒ»ÏòΪÈË¿´×÷ʷѧ½çÖеÄÀíÂÛÅÉ,Æäʵ,¾ÍÆä¹ËÑ×ÎäÑо¿¿´,Ëû¶ÔÊ·ÁÏ¿ÉÐŶȵÄÒªÇó,¾ø·ÇÒ»°ã¸ãÀíÂ۵Ŀɼ°¡£
48.ÇåÈåÕÂѧ³ÏÇ¿µ÷¡°ÑÔÐÔÃüÕ߱ؾ¿ÓÚÊ·¡±,·´¶ÔÀëʶøÑÔÀí,ÌåÏÖÁËʷѧÔÚÕæÀí̽Ë÷ÖеÄÖØÒª×÷Óá£
49.ÓÉÒ»¸öÁîÈËÔÞÉ͵ÄÖйÅÊÀ¼Íר¼ÒºÍÀúʷѧ¼ÒÓÿ͹ÛÒÔ¼°ÀúÊ·µÄ½Ç¶È׫д£¬À´¿´´ýÕâ¸öÎÄѧÏÖÏóÒÔ¼°±»Ìá³öµÄÎÊÌâ¡£
50.¶ºü±ü±ÊÖ±ÊéµÄʼ££¬Êµ¿ªÎÒ¹úʷѧֱ±Ê´«Í³µÄÏȺӡ£