·ÖȨ

Æ´Òô
f¨¥n qu¨¢n
×¢Òô
¨È¨ã ¨Ñ¨è¨â¨@

¡°·ÖȨ¡±»ù±¾½âÊÍ

½âÊÍ

¡ò ·ÖȨ f¨¥nquán

(1) [separation of powers]¡ÃÐÐÕþ¡¢Á¢·¨¡¢Ë¾·¨È¨¸÷Óɱ˴˶ÀÁ¢µÄ²¿ÃÅÐÐʹµÄÔ­Ôò

(2) [division of powers]¡ÃÖÐÑëÕþ¸®Óë¸÷Ê¡Ö®¼äȨÁ¦·Ö¿ªµÄÔ­Ôò

-----------------¹úÓï´Çµä·ÖȨf¨¥n qu¨¢n¨È¨ã ¨Ñ¨é¨â¨@
  1. Õþ¸®Öв»Í¬ÐÔÖʵÄͳÖÎȨ¹¦ÄܵķÖÀ룬³ÆΪ¡¸·ÖȨ¡¹¡£ÈçÐÐÕþ¡¢Á¢·¨¡¢Ë¾·¨µÈȨ£¬·ÖÓɲ»Í¬µÄ¡¢¸÷×Ô¶ÀÁ¢µÄ»ú¹ØÐÐʹ¡£·´¼¯È¨

¡°·ÖȨ¡±°Ù¿Æ

°Ù¶È°Ù¿Æ

·ÖȨ

  • ·ÖȨÊÇÔÚ¶à²ã´Î¡¢¶à»ú¹¹µÄ¾ö²ßϵͳÖÐȨÁ¦ºÏÀí·ÖÅɵĹ涨ºÍÖƶȡ£·ÖȨÊǼ¯È¨µÄ¶Ô³Æ¡£¼¯È¨ÊÇ°ÑÒ»ÇÐÊÂÎñµÄȨÁ¦¼¯ÖÐÔÚÉϼ¶ºËÐÄ»ú¹Ø£¬Ï¼¶»ú¹ØºÍÒ»°ã»ú¹ØÖ»Äܸù¾ÝÉϼ¶ºËÐÄ»ú¹ØµÄ¾ö¶¨¡¢Ö¸ÁîºÍָʾ°ìÊ¡£·ÖȨÔòÊÇ°´ÕÕÒ»¶¨¹æÔò°ÑȨÁ¦·ÖÅɸø²»Í¬»ú¹Ø£¬Éϼ¶ºËÐÄ»ú¹ØÖ»¶Ô¹ØÓÚÈ«¾ÖµÄÖØ´óÎÊÌâ×÷³ö¾ö²ß£¬Ï¼¶»ú¹ØºÍÒ»°ã»ú¹ØÔÚ×ÔÒѵĹÜϽ·¶Î§ÄÚ£¬ÓÐȨ×ÔÖ÷µØ¾ö¶¨ÎÊÌ⣬Éϼ¶ºËÐÄ»ú¹Ø²»¼Ó¸ÉÉæ¡£
  • ¡°·ÖȨ¡±Ôì¾ä

    1.Ä¿Ç°¸ßУӵÓжÔѧÉúµÄ´¦·ÖȨ£¬¹ØÉæѧÉúµÄÊܽÌÓýȨÓëѧϰȨ¡£

    2.¶ÔÓÚÖйúÕâÑùÒ»¸öǧ¿×°Ù´¯µÄ¹ú¼Ò,·ÖȨ»¯µÄÁ¢Ïܲ¢²»ÊǶÔÖ¢Á¼Ò©¡£

    3.Ôڹ㷺µÄÐÐÕþÁìÓòÁ¢·¨ÖУ¬ÐÐÕþÓëÁ¢·¨ÐÎÓ°ÏàËæʹÈËÄÑÍü·ÖȨÀíÂÛ´óʦÃϵÂ˹ð¯µÄ×»×»¸æ½ë¡£

    4.ÔÚµ±ÊÂÈËÖ÷ÒåËßËÏģʽÏ£¬µ±ÊÂÈËÄËΪÃñÊÂËßËÏÖ®³ÌÐòÖ÷Ì壬ÏíÓбçÂÛȨºÍ´¦·ÖȨ£¬ÆäÐÐʹȨÀûµÄ;¾¶Ö÷ÒªÐë¾­ÓÉÒ»¶¨µÄËßËÏÐÐΪ¡£

    5.Êʵ±·ÖȨµÄÕþ¸®£¬¿ÉÒÔÅàÑø¹«ÃñµÄ×ÔÁ¦¸üÉú¾«Éñ£¬×ÔÖ÷ÖÎÀí¹«¹²ÊÂÎñ£¬²»ÔÙÒ»µ©ÓÐʾÍÒÀ¿¿Õþ¸®À´½â¾ö£¬ÕâÑù¾Í¿ÉÒÔ¼õÇáÕþ¸®µÄѹÁ¦£¬Ê¹Õþ¸®Äܹ»°ÑÓÐÏÞµÄ×ÊÔ´ÓÃÓÚ½â¾ö×îΪÆÈÇÐÐèÒªµÄÎÊÌâÉÏ¡£

    6.Ò»ÊÇÒªÀûÓÃÖ´ÐÐÌåÖÆ·ÖȨ¸Ä¸ïµÄÆõ»ú£¬½¨Á¢ºÍÍêÉÆÖ´ÐÐÔ±Öƶȣ¬ÒÔÌá¸ßÖ´ÐÐÈËÔ±ËØÖÊ¡£

    7.͸¹ý·×·±¸´ÔÓµÄÖƶȣ¬ÎÒÃÇ¿´µ½¡°·ÖȨÖƺ⡱¡¢¡°Ö÷ȨÔÚÃñ¡±µÄ¹ÛÄÊÇÈËÀ๲ͨµÄ¾«Éñ²Æ¸»¡£

    8.ÊÂʵÉÏÕâÖÖ·ÖȨֻ²»¹ýÊÇΪÁ˼ò»¯¡£Âí¿Ë˼

    9.Òª°´ÕÕÖ´Ðй¤×÷¹æÂÉÒªÇó,̽Ë÷½¨Á¢Ö´ÐÐʵʩȨºÍ²Ã¾öȨÁ½È¨·ÖÁ¢¡¢Ï໥ÖÆÔ¼¡¢Ï໥Эµ÷µÄÖ´ÐÐȨ·ÖȨÔËÐлúÖÆ¡£

    10.Үɭ±ËµÃɭ˵µØ·½·ÖȨÊÇÉÌ̸µÄ¹Ø¼üÎÊÌ⣬ÏçÕò×ÔÖÎÕþ¸®¶ÔÏà¹Ø·Ç°¢¶û°ÍÄáÑÇ×åÈ˵ı£»¤È¨Òæ¡£

    11.·ÖȨ֤Ã÷£ºÎÒÊ¡ÐÌÊÂÔðÈÎÄÜÁ¦¼ø¶¨µÄ¾ÙÖ¤ÔðÈÎÊÇÓɶ෽¹²Í¬³Ðµ£¡£

    12.Òò´Ë£¬ÏµÍ³Ñо¿ÃñÊÂËßËÏ´¦·ÖȨµÄÎÊÌ⣬¶Ô´Ù½øÃñÊÂËßËÏÀíÂÛÑо¿µÄ·¢Õ¹£¬ÒÔ¼°Íƶ¯ÃñÊÂÉóÅз½Ê½¸Ä¸ïÓÐÖØÒªµÄÒâÒå¡£

    13.×î½ü,ÉñÄδ¨ÏØÓÖ´ò³öÁË¡°¶ÀÁ¢¹ú¡±µÄÌØÇøÕþ²ß,ÏëÒª´Ó¹ú¼ÒÕþ¸®ÊÖÖзÖȨ¡£

    14.ÎÒ¶ÔÄãµÄ°®£¬¾­°®ÇéÆÀÉóÔ±Çð±ÈÌØÉó²é£¬ÓÉÔµ·ÖȨÍþר¼ÒÔÂÀϼø¶¨£¬×îÖÕÓÉÊÀ½ç°®ÇéЭ»á°ä·¢¡°ÎÒ°®Ä㡱Ãâ¼ìÖ¤£¬ÓÐЧÆÚÒ»ÉúÒ»ÊÀ£¡3.15¿ìÀÖ£¡

    15.×î¸ßÒ鳤°×²·Í¥»ñµÃ½ô¼±´¦·ÖȨ£¬¶øËûµÄµÚÒ»¸öÐж¯£¬¾ÍÊÇÆôÓø´ÖÆÈË×÷Ϊ¹²ºÍµÄ¾ü¶Ó¡£

    16.µÚ¶þ²¿·Ö:Öйú²ÆÕþ·ÖȨ¸Ä¸ïµÄÀúÊ·±äǨ.

    17.һЩѧÕßÈÏΪ£¬µØ·½·ÖȨ´Ù½øÁËÊг¡µÄ¾ºÕù£¬µ«ÁíÒ»ÖÖ¹ÛµãÔòÖ¸³ö£¬ÕâÖָĸïÔì³ÉÁ˵ط½·Ö¸î£¬²úÉúÁËÊг¡Å¤Çú¡£

    18.ÃñÊÂËßËϵ±ÊÂÈË´¦·ÖȨÊǵ¼Ô´ÓÚÃñÊÂʵÌå·¨ÖеÄ˽·¨×ÔÖÎÔ­Ôò£¬¶øÓÖ¾­¹ýËßËÏ·¨¹«·¨ÐÔ¸ÄÔìµÄ³ÌÐòÐÔȨÀû¡£

    19.Âå¿ËµÄ·ÖȨ,ÆäʵÊÇÁ½È¨·ÖÁ¢,ÃϵÂ˹ð¯ËäÈ»ÈÏʶµ½Ë¾·¨È¨Ò²ºÜÖØÒª,µ«ËûÒ²Ö»²»¹ýÊÇ´ÓÖ´·¨È¨ÖзÖÀë³öÒ»¸öÄ£ºýµÄ²ÃÅÐȨ¡£

    20.ÔÚÀû¸ÄË°Íê³Éºó,ÒÔ¡°·ÖÔî³Ô·¹¡±µÄ·ÖȨ·½Ê½À©´óµØ·½Õþ¸®µÄ¾­¼Ã×ÊÔ´Ö§ÅäÄÜÁ¦¡£

    21.ÕâÁù·½ÃæµÄÒòËز»¶ÏÍƼ·ÎÒÃǵÄÌåÖÆ¡£Ô­±¾£¬ÕâÒ»ÌåÖÆÊÇΪÁË·ÖȨ£¬×îÖÕ´ï³ÉÕÛÖÔ·½°¸£¬ÏÖÔÚÈ´³ÉÁËÒ»¸öÓÅÈá¹Ñ¶ÏµÄÖƶȡ£

    22.Æä´Î£¬²ÉÓÃÀúÊ··ÖÎöµÄ·½·¨½éÉÜÁËÎÒ¹úÃñÊÂËßËÏ´¦·ÖȨµÄÀúÊ·ºÍÏÖ×´¡£

    23.Èç¹û²»¶Ôµ±ÊÂÈËÔÙÉó³ÌÐòµÄ´¦·ÖȨ¼ÓÒÔÏÞÖÆ£¬¼È²»Äܱ£Ö¤³ÌÐòµÄ°²¶¨£¬ÓÖÎÞ·¨ÊµÏÖÉç»áÖÈÐòµÄ°²¶¨¡£

    24.Èκιú¼Ò¶¼´æÔÚ¼¯È¨»ò·ÖȨµÄÁ½ÖÖÁ¦µÄ×÷Óã¬Öйú±ãÊÇÒ»¸ö´øÓÐÁª°îÖÆÒòËصĵ¥Ò»Öƹú¼Ò¡£

    25.»ú³¤ÄÇÑùµÄ½ô¼±´¦·ÖȨ,Ò²¸³ÓèÒ½ÔºÔº³¤¡£

    26.Ê×ÏȶÔ×÷ΪÊÍÃ÷Ȩ»ù´¡µÄ±çÂÛÖ÷ÒåÓë´¦·ÖȨÖ÷Òå½øÐÐÁ˽éÉÜ¡£

    27.¾ÉÖйúÖÐÑ뼯ȨÓëµØ·½·ÖȨÏ໥¾ºÕù£¬Ï໥½»Ìæ¡£

    28.ÃÀ¹ú¼ÓÖÝ´óѧʵÐеÄÊÇÊÂÒµ²¿ÖƹÜÀíÌåÖÆ£¬Æä×î´óµÄÌصãÊÇ¡°¼¯Öоö²ß£¬·ÖȨ¹ÜÀí¡±¡£

    29.¶ø±¾ÎıãÊÇÊÔÖøÒÔÐÐÕþÓë·¨µÄ¹Ûµã£¬È¥Ì½ÌÖ´ËÒ»µØ·½·ÖȨÓëµØ·½Ë°ÖÆÖ®¸Ä¸ïµÄÎÊÌâ¡£

    30.´ËÍ⣬Èç¹ûËûÄܽÓÊܺͱðÈË·ÖȨµÄ»°£¬ËûÒ²¿ÉÒÔÕÒ¸ö¼ÈÓÐÃñÍûÓÖÔ¸ÒâÀ­ËûÒ»°ÑµÄÕþ¿Í´î»ï¡£

    31.³öÂôÈË´¦·ÖȨ²»Ó°ÏìÆäÂòÂôºÏͬµÄЧÁ¦¡£

    32.ÃñÊÂËßËÏ·¨Öеĵ±ÊÂÈË´¦·ÖȨÔÚÃñÊÂËßËÏÖоßÓзdz£ÖØÒªµÄ×÷Óã¬Ò²ÊÇÃñÊÂËßËϵ±ÊÂÈ˵ÄÒ»¸ö¼«ÎªÖØÒªµÄȨÀû¡£

    33.ÒÔËÕ¸ñÀ¼·ÖȨ»ú¹¹ÆÆÕÀ°Ù³öµÄÍдǺÍÓ¢¹úÕþ¸®¼ûÀûÍüÒåµÄÕþÖβßÂÔ¿´À´Âõ¸ñÀ­Ï£¿ÉÄÜÊÇÊÜÒæÕß¡£µ«ÊÇÎÞÂÛÊÇ·ÛÊÎ̫ƽµÄÈ˵ÀÖ÷Òå˵·¨»¹ÊÇȱ·¦Ô¶¼ûµÄÕþÖÎÒõıÊÍ·ÅËû¶¼ÊÇ´íÎóµÄ×ö·¨¡£

    34.µ«ÊÇÕâ¾ÍÒâζ×ŵط½·ÖȨ,ÊÇËûÃÇ×ÔÎÒÈÏÖªµÄ»ù±¾×é³É²¿·Ö¡£

    35.ʵÐС°Ê¡Ö±¹ÜÏØ¡±¸Ä¸ï£¬Íƽø·ÖȨ¹ÜÀíģʽÊÇ´´ÐÂÎÒ¹úÊ¡ÒÔϲÆÕþÌåÖƵÄÖØҪͻÆÆ¿ÚÖ®Ò»¡£

    36.»¦Ö¸½ñÈÕÎçºóÒ»¶ÈµøÖÁËÄÈýÈýÈýµã,´´³ö±¾ÂÖϵøÒÔÀ´µÄеÍ,ÓÉÓÚÖйúʯÓ͵Ȳ¿·ÖȨÖعɻØÉý,»¦Ö¸×îÖÕÒÔËÄÊ®¸öµãλС·ùÊÕÒõ¡£

    37.ÔÚµ³Á쵼ϵÄÖÐÑëÓëµØ·½·ÖȨ֮¼äµÄì¶ÜÏԵò»¿Éµ÷ºÍ£¬ÕâÑùÖ±½ÓÓ°ÏìÁËÃñÉú´ó¼Æ¡£

    38.±¾ÎÄÊ×ÏÈÌÖÂÛÁËʵÐвÆÕþµØ·½·ÖȨµÄÀíÓɺͷÖȨµÄÏ޶ȡ£

    39.Ò»µ©³öÊÂÒªµ£Ôð,²¿·ÖȨÁ¦²¿ÃÅÒ»¶¨ÄÜÀ­³ö¡°ÁÙʱ¹¤¡±À´¡°µæ±³¡±¡£

    40.ͨ¹ý¶ÔÈÙÊ´OÍÅĸ×Ó¹«Ë¾¹ÜÀíģʽµÄÑо¿£¬×÷ÕßÈÏΪĸ×Ó¹«Ë¾¹ÜÀíģʽµÄÑ¡Ôñ£¬ÊµÖÊÉϾÍÊÇĸ¹«Ë¾¶Ô×Ó¹«Ë¾ÊDzÉÓü¯È¨»¹ÊÇ·ÖȨ¹ÜÀíģʽµÄÑ¡Ôñ¡£

    41.½üÄêÀ´£¬¹ØÓÚ¸ßУ´¦·ÖȨµÄÎÊÌ⣬²»ÂÛÊÇÔÚÀíÂÛ²ãÃ滹ÊÇÔÚʵ¼ù²ãÃ棬¶¼ÈÕÒæÒýÆðÁËÉç»áµÄ¹ã·º¹Ø×¢¡£

    42.ÔÚÐÌÊÂÇ¿ÖÆ´¦·ÖȨÖƺâµÄ¿ò¼ÜÏ£¬ÆäÖƺâ°üÀ¨ÊÂÇ°ÖƺâºÍʺóÖƺ⡣

    43.Ëæ×ÅÎÒ¹úÊг¡¾­¼ÃµÄÅ·¢Õ¹£¬Éç»áµÄ²»¶Ï½ø²½£¬Ç¿»¯ºÍÍêÉÆÃñÊÂËßËϵ±ÊÂÈË´¦·ÖȨҲÆÈÔÚü½Þ¡£

    44.¹¤×÷¾ÍÊÇȨÁ¦£¬È¨Á¦¾ÍÊÇÔðÈΣ¬Ò»·ÖȨÁ¦£¬Ê®·ÖÔðÈΡ£

    45.µÂ½­ÏØÄÖÔªÏü,×ÐĶ¯ÆǵÄÕ¨Áúʱ¼ä³ÖÐøËÄÎå¸öСʱ,½ÖÍ·Ö÷Ҫ·¶Î±ÞÅڵIJÐм´âƬºñ´ïºÃ¼¸¹«·Ö,ȨÍþÈËʿ͸¶µ±ÍíÏسDZÞÅÚÏû·Ñ³¬¹ýǧÍòÔª¡£

    46.Òò´Ë£¬¿ÆѧºÏÀíµÄÃñʳ·ËßÖƶÈÊDZ£Õϵ±ÊÂÈË´¦·ÖȨ£¬Î¬»¤Ë¾·¨¹«ÕýµÄÖØҪǰÌá¡£

    47.¡°¿ÉÒÔ¡±½²µÄÊÇÃñÊÂȨÀûÉæ¼°µ±ÊÂÈË×Ô¼ºµÄȨÀû,ËùÒÔÃñËß·¨¹æ¶¨,µ±ÊÂÈ˶Ô×Ô¼ºµÄȨÀûÓд¦·ÖȨ¡£

    48.Íõ³è»ÝÌá³ö,±Ü¿ªÏÜ·¨µÄÓйع涨,¸³Óè×ÜͳÔÚÌض¨Ê±ÆڵĽô¼±´¦·ÖȨÁ¦¡£

    49.Æä¶þÊÇÓйص±ÊÂÈË´¦·ÖȨÀíÂÛ¡£

    50.Í»·¢Ê¼þµÄ±³ºóÉ漰ȨÁ¦µÄÉè¼ÆºÍÖÐÑë¡¢µØ·½·ÖȨµÄÎÊÌâ¡£

    ¡°·ÖȨ¡±·Ö´Ê½âÊÍ

    ·Ö

    ¡ñ ·Öf¨¥n ¨È¨ã¡¥ Çø»®¿ª£º¡«¿ª¡£»®¡«¡£¡«Ò°£¨»®·ÖµÄ·¶Î§£©¡£¡«½ç¡£¡«Ã÷¡£Ìõ¡«ÂÆÎö¡£¡«½â¡£ ÓÉÕûÌåÖÐÈ¡³ö»ò²úÉú³öÒ»²¿·Ö£º¡«·¢¡£¡«ÓÇ¡£¡

    ÏêÇé
    Ȩ

    ¡ñ Ȩ £¨™à£© quán ¨Ñ¨é¨â¨@ Ö°Ôð·¶Î§ÄÚÖ§ÅäºÍÖ¸»ÓµÄÁ¦Á¿£ºÕþ¡«¡£¡«Á¦¡£¡«Íþ¡£¡«¹ó¡£¡«±ú¡£¡«ÊÆ¡£ÉúɱÓè¶áÖ®¡«¡£ ÓÐÀûµÄÐÎÊÆ£ºÖ÷

    ÏêÇé