·ÆÂɱö´óѧ

Æ´Òô
f¨¥i l¨¸ b¨©n d¨¤ xu¨¦
×¢Òô
¨È¨ß ¨Ì¨é¨A ¨Å¨ç¨ã ¨É¨Ú¨A ¨Ò¨é¨Ý¨@

¡°·ÆÂɱö´óѧ¡±»ù±¾½âÊÍ

½âÊÍ ·ÆÂɱöµÄ¹úÁ¢´óѧ¡£1908Äê´´½¨ÓÚ¿üËɳǡ£ÉèÓÐÎÄÀí¡¢ÉÌÒµ¡¢½ÌÓý¡¢¹¤³Ì¡¢½¨Öþ¡¢ÃÀÊõ¡¢·¨Ñ§¡¢¹«¹²¹ÜÀí¡¢Å©Òµ¡¢É­ÁÖ¡¢Ò½Ñ§µÈѧԺ¡£

¡°·ÆÂɱö´óѧ¡±°Ù¿Æ

°Ù¶È°Ù¿Æ

·ÆÂɱö´óѧ

  • ·ÆÂɱö´óѧÊǸù¾Ý·ÆÂɱöÊ×½ìÁ¢·¨»ú¹¹°ä·¢µÄµÚ1870ºÅ·¨ÁÒà³Æ´óѧÏÜÕ£©ÓÚ1908Äê6ÔÂ18ÈÕ´´°ìµÄ£¬Êµ¼ÊÉÏÊÇÒÀ¿¿ÃÀ¹úÈË£¬²¢°´ÕÕÀ¼µÂ¹«Ë¾×ÊÖú´óѧµÄģʽ£¬Îª·ÆÂɱöÈË¿ª°ìµÄÒ»Ëù´óѧ¡£¸ÃУµÄµÚÒ»ÈÎУ³¤ÊÇÃÀ¹úÈËĬÀ°ÍÌØÀûÌز©Ê¿£¨Murray Bartlett£©¡£¾­¹ý°ÙÓàÄêµÄ·¢Õ¹£¬ÏÖÒÑÊÇ·ÆÂɱö¹æÄ£×î´óµÄ¹úÁ¢×ÛºÏÐÔ´óѧ¡£
  • ¡°·ÆÂɱö´óѧ¡±Ôì¾ä

    1.²©Ê¿¿Î³ÌÿÄ꼯ÖÐѧϰÁ½´Î£¬Ã¿´ÎÈýÖÜ£¬ÆäËüʱ¼ä¿ÉÓÉѧԱ×ÔÐа²ÅÅÔÚ·ÆÂɱö´óѧ»ò·ÆÂɱö¾³Íâ×öÑо¿¡£

    2.1950Äê2ÔÂÁº´óÅôÀ뿪º£ÄϺó,ÏȺóµ£ÈιúÁ¢Ì¨Íå´óѧ½ÌÊÚ¡¢¸ßµÈ¿¼ÊÔµäÊÔίԱ»áίԱ;·ÆÂɱö´óѧ½»»»½ÌÊÚ;¹úÁ¢ÕþÖδóѧ½ÌÊڼ湫¹²ÐÐÕþÓëÆóÒµ¹ÜÀíÖÐÐÄÖ÷ÈεÈÖ°¡£

    ¡°·ÆÂɱö´óѧ¡±·Ö´Ê½âÊÍ

    ·Æ

    »ù±¾×ÖÒå¡ñ ·Æf¨¥i ¨È¨ß¡¥»¨²Ýïʢ£¬ÏãÆøŨÓô£º¡«¡«£¬·¼¡«¡£Ì¼Ç⻯ºÏÎïµÄÒ»À࣬ÎÞÉ«ÓйâÔóµÄ½á¾§£¬¿ÉÖÆȾÁÏ¡¢Õ¨Ò©µÈ¡£ÆäËü×ÖÒå¡ñ ·Æf¨§i ¨È¨ß¡¦Î¢£¬±¡£

    ÏêÇé
    ÂÉ

    »ù±¾×ÖÒå¡ñ ÂÉl¨¸ ¨Ì¨é¨A·¨Ôò£¬¹æÕ£º¼Í¡«¡£·¨¡«¡£¶¨¡«¡£¹æ¡«¡£Çå¹æ½ä¡«¡£¡«Ê¦¡£Ô¼Êø£º¡«¼º¡£Öйú¹Å´úÉó¶¨ÀÖÒô¸ßµÍµÄ±ê×¼£¬°ÑÉùÒô·ÖΪÁùÂÉ£¨Ñô

    ÏêÇé
    ±ö

    ¡ñ ±ö £¨Ùe£© b¨©n ¨Å¨ç¨ã¡¥ ¿ÍÈË£º¡«¿Í¡£À´¡«¡£¡«¹Ý¡£¡«Ö÷¡£¹ó¡«¡£¡«ÖÁÈç¹é¡£ ͬ“ÙÏ”£¬ÙÏÏà¡£ ·þ´Ó£¬¹é˳£º¡«·þ¡£

    ÏêÇé
    ´ó

    »ù±¾×ÖÒå ¡ñ ´ó dà ¨É¨Ú¨A Ö¸Ãæ»ý¡¢Ìå»ý¡¢ÈÝÁ¿¡¢ÊýÁ¿¡¢Ç¿¶È¡¢Á¦Á¿³¬¹ýÒ»°ã»ò³¬¹ýËù±È½ÏµÄ¶ÔÏó£¬Óë“С”Ïà¶Ô£º¡«Ìü¡£

    ÏêÇé
    ѧ

    ¡ñ ѧ £¨ŒW£© xué ¨Ò¨é¨Ý¨@ Ч·¨£¬×êÑÐ֪ʶ£¬»ñµÃ֪ʶ£¬¶ÁÊ飺¡«Éú¡£¡«Í½¡£¡«Ï°¡£¡«Òµ¡£¡«ÓÑ¡£¡«Õß¡£¡«·§¡£¡«ÖÆ¡£¡«Àú

    ÏêÇé